Modified Huangqi Shengmai Yin enhances ruminal microbiome and metabolites activity in dairy cows with subclinical mastitis.

Introduction: Bovine mastitis, especially subclinical mastitis (SCM), with minimal clinical signs, is detrimental due to its resistance to treatment, recurrence, and substantial economic impact on global dairy industry. The modified form of Huangqi Shengmai Yin (HSY), classical traditional herbal medicine renowned for its effects in antimicrobial and circulatory-enhancing and thus beneficial for subclinical mastitis, has been developed for treatment attempt of SCM, yet its therapeutic effect and mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of mHSY on SCM in cows, and elucidate its potential therapeutic mechanism.

TGF-β3-mediated phagocytosis protects mammary epithelial cells of ketotic dairy cows against metabolic stress-induced inflammatory damage.

The supraphysiological levels of free fatty acids (FFA) during early lactation led to an inflammatory response in the mammary gland of ketotic cows, which may be attributed to the untimely clearance of apoptotic cells (AC). Given the engulfment role of mammary epithelial cells for AC and the regulation of TGF-β3 on phagocytosis, we speculated that TGF-β3-mediated phagocytic function is closely related to inflammatory response in the mammary gland of ketotic cows. The objective of this study was to elucidate (1) the inflammatory state and phagocytic function of mammary epithelial cells and activity of the TGF-β3 pathway in mammary gland of ketotic cows, and (2) the role of TGF-β3-mediated phagocytosis on the inflammatory response of bovine mammary epithelial cells in response to exogenous FFA.

Quantitative evaluation of IVL: based on the tunica media gypsum calcification model and a prospective animal study.

Background: Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL), an emerging adjunctive therapeutic modality, demonstrates potential in managing severely calcified lesions. However, its quantitative efficiency in disrupting calcifications with different characteristics, as well as the degree of damage to normal arteries, remains to be confirmed.

Objectives: This study aimed to: (i) quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of IVL in disrupting different types of calcifications, and (ii) assess the impact of IVL on normal vascular structures.

Proteomics and cytokine array jointly reveal the role of macrophage proinflammatory shift in liver fibrosis in dairy cows with ketosis.

Background: Changes in macrophage function are crucial contributors to hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. However, the role of macrophages in the development of liver fibrosis in dairy cows with ketosis remains unclear. This study integrated proteomics and cytokine array approach to identify the multifactorial and multicellular interaction effects driving liver fibrosis in dairy cows with ketosis and analyze the mechanism by which the proinflammatory shift in macrophages contributes to liver fibrosis.

The immediate and delayed effects of group activities on Chinese college students' empathy: a longitudinal tracking study.

Although the role of empathy in reducing campus bullying has been receiving increasing attention, empirical research on the development of empathy and its delayed effects among college students is lacking. To examine the immediate and delayed effects of group activities on increases in empathy among college students, this study randomly assigned 90 first-year students from a Chinese university into control, intervention, and delayed intervention groups. The groups with interventions participated in multiple sessions of counselling activities, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index-C scale was used as a pre-test, post-test, and re-test measure to assess empathy levels in each group.

Ultrashort wave therapy promotes traumatic brain injury recovery by suppressing neuroinflammation.

Despite growing treatments for traumatic brain injury, there is still no ideal strategy for efficiently mitigating these processes. Ultrashort wave therapy, a type of physical factor therapy, has been widely used in various clinical treatments. However, its effects on traumatic brain injury and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.

Serum Norepinephrine and Cholesterol Concentrations as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Vitamin E Deficiency in Holstein Cows.

Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for the global dairy sector. Accordingly, our objective was to explore the metabolic features of VED-afflicted cows by combining the untargeted gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify effective serum VED biomarkers. Untargeted GC-TOF-MS analysis identified 31 differential metabolites (DMs): 20 were overexpressed and 11 were suppressed in the VED group compared to the healthy control group.

Evidence for imbalanced polarization of caruncle macrophages in retained placenta of dairy cows.

Retained placenta (RP) is a common reproductive disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis, affecting approximately 8% of dairy cows during the periparturient period. Macrophages constitute 20% to 25% of all leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface and coordinate several processes critical for fetal membrane expulsion, including tissue remodeling, induction of apoptosis in damaged cells, and immune activation. This study aimed to investigate the morphological changes at the maternal-fetal interface, as well as the quantity, distribution, and polarization of caruncle macrophages in cows with and without RP.

Heat shock protein B1-mediated ferroptosis regulates mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue of ketotic dairy cows.

In the peripartal period, dairy cow adipose tissue undergo significant metabolic challenges, including oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress, which could be alleviated by inhibition of ferroptosis. Oxidative stress is often accompanied by mitochondrial damage. However, whether mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in the adipose tissue of ketotic cows are still unclear.

Quantification and metabolic variations of mycotoxins in raw milk: Implications for dairy cow health and human safety.

This study established a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem MS for the quantitative analysis of 9 harmful mycotoxins: zearalenone (ZEN), α-zearalanol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin M1, and aflatoxin B1 in raw milk. The method exhibited good linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, making it suitable for trace analysis of these toxins in raw milk. We applied this method to analyze 200 raw milk samples from Heilongjiang Province, China, and found that they contained multiple mycotoxins, with a relatively high concentration of ZEN.

Effects of Supplementing Rumen-Protected Glutathione on Lactation Performance, Nutrients, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Health in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period.

Glutathione (GSH), widely present in plant and animal cells and crucial for combating oxidative stress and inflammation, has not been evaluated in dairy cows. This study aims to evaluate the effects of rumen-protected glutathione (RPGSH) supplementation on lactation, nutrient metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and health in transition dairy cows. Forty Holstein dairy cows (2.

Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Modulator ORAI1-Sensitive Serine Dehydratase Regulates Fatty Acid-Induced CD4 Th17/Treg Imbalance in Dairy Cows.

High concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) caused by negative energy balance render the cow more prone to inflammatory diseases in part due to an imbalance in the types of immune cells and their specific functions. We previously demonstrated that ORAI calcium release-activated calcium modulator 1 (ORAI1) was associated with increased CD4 Th17 content, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of FFAs on CD4 T cell inflammatory response.

β-Hydroxybutyrate-induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release mediated innate inflammatory response in bovine mammary epithelial cells by inhibiting autophagy.

Background: In perinatal dairy cows, ketosis is a prevalent metabolic disorder that lowers milk output and performance. Mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation in mammary tissue are linked to elevated blood ketone levels, particularly β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Recent research has linked cytosolic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with chronic aseptic inflammation by activating the cGAS-STING pathway during metabolic disorders, while autophagy activation effectively reverses this process.

Octyl succinic anhydride-modified chitosan/oxidized sodium alginate Schiff base hydrogel loaded with terbinafine hydrochloride: pH-responsive, self-repairing, antifungal properties.

The application of hydrogels to drug delivery limited by the difficulty of encapsulating hydrophobic drugs; therefore, the development of novel composite hydrogels for the delivery of hydrophobic drugs is urgently needed. In this study, terbinafine hydrochloride/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (TFH/HP-β-CD ICs) were added to a Schiff base hydrogel matrix containing octenyl succinic anhydride-modified chitosan (OSA-CS) and sodium alginate (OIA) to prepare a TFH composite hydrogel (TFH GEL). The results revealed that the solubility of TFH in water within TFH/HP-β-CD IC reached 32.

Virulence of Bacteria Causing Mastitis in Dairy Cows: A Literature Review.

Bovine mastitis, a prevalent disease in dairy farms, exerts a profound negative influence on both the health and productivity of dairy cattle, leading to substantial economic losses for the dairy industry. The disease is associated with different bacterial agents, primarily Gram-positive cocci (e.g.

Insertional mutagenesis of AIDA or CYP720B1 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii confers copper(II) tolerance and increased biomass.

The widespread use of copper (Cu) in industrial and agricultural settings leads to the accumulation of excess Cu within aquatic ecosystems, posing a threat to organism health. Microalgal bioremediation has emerged as a popular and promising solution to mitigate the risks. Nevertheless, the genetic underpinnings and engineering tactics involved in heavy metal bioremediation by microalgae remain inadequately elucidated.

A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 Disrupts Bovine Macrophage MER Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine Kinase Integrity to Impede Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Promote Inflammation in Clinical Mastitis.

In clinical mastitis of dairy cows, the abnormal accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs) and subsequent secondary necrosis and inflammation pose significant concerns, with macrophage-mediated efferocytosis, crucial for ACs clearance, remaining unexplored in this context. In nonruminants, MER proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK) receptors are essential for efferocytosis and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is thought to play a role in regulating MERTK integrity. This study aimed to delineate the in situ role of efferocytosis in clinical mastitis, with a particular focus on the interaction between MERTK and ADAM17 in bovine macrophages.

M1 polarization of hepatic macrophages in cows with subclinical ketosis is an important cause of liver injury.

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is highly prevalent and easily overlooked, with insidious and slow progression of hepatic injury, often characterized by an imbalance in immune homeostasis. In nonruminants, macrophage polarization plays an important regulatory role in hepatic lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammatory processes. Thus, we aimed to investigate the status of hepatic macrophage polarization in SCK cows and to corroborate its association with liver injury and inflammation.

Fatty acids promote migration of CD4 T cells through calcium release-activated calcium modulator ORAI1 sensitive glycolysis in dairy cows.

Nutritional and metabolic state in dairy cows are important determinants of the immune response. During the periparturient period, a state of negative energy balance in the cow increases plasma concentrations of fatty acids (FA), which are associated with inflammation. Among immune cells, CD4 T are able to function under high-FA conditions, but the underlying mechanisms regulating these events remain unclear.

Colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles: potential multifunctional nanomedicine for alleviating mastitis.

Bovine mastitis is an infectious disease that causes substantial economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. Current antibiotic therapy faces issues of antibiotic misuse and antimicrobial resistance, which has aroused concerns for both veterinary and human medicine. Thus, this study explored the potential of Colo EVs (bovine colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles) to address mastitis.

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 regulates the expression of proteasomal genes in ketotic cows and protects mammary cells against free fatty acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder in high-yielding cows and is characterized by high concentrations of BHB and free fatty acids (FFA). High concentrations of FFA induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in multiple organs including mammary tissue, and result in reduced milk production and lower milk quality. In nonruminants, loss of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NFE2L1) results in ER stress.

Inflammatory Signaling via PEIZO1 Engages and Enhances the LPS-Mediated Apoptosis during Clinical Mastitis.

Bovine clinical mastitis is characterized by inflammation and immune responses, with apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells as a cellular reaction to infection. PIEZO1, identified as a mechanotransduction effector channel in nonruminant animals and sensitive to both mechanical stimuli or inflammatory signals like lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, its role in inflammatory processes in cattle has not been well-documented.

Immunoprotective efficacy of 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae type I fimbriae proteins in a murine model.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a primary cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows, with prevention being crucial, as treatments often fail due to antimicrobial resistance. Recent studies identified type I fimbrial antigens of K. pneumoniae as promising vaccine candidates, but there are limited research data.