Convergent evolution of -facilitated root nodule symbiosis.

The origin and phylogenetic distribution of symbiotic associations between nodulating angiosperms and nitrogen-fixing bacteria have long intrigued biologists. Recent comparative evolutionary analyses have yielded alternative hypotheses: a multistep pathway of independent gains and losses of root nodule symbiosis vs. a single gain followed by numerous losses.

Abnormal Amyloid-β Duration, Tau, and Neurodegeneration in Cranial Images.

Importance: It is unclear whether the duration of amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology is associated with neurodegeneration and whether this depends on the presence of tau.

Objective: To examine the association of longitudinal atrophy with Aβ positron emission tomography (PET)-positivity (Aβ+) and the estimated duration of Aβ+ (Aβ+ duration), controlling for tau-positivity.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data for this longitudinal cohort study were drawn from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer Prevention and the Wisconsin Alzheimer Disease Research Center Clinical Core Study.

Assessing the role of ICD in Chagas heart disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.

Background: Chagas heart disease (ChD) is a significant public health concern in Latin America, contributing to a high incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Despite advances in heart failure treatment, management of Chagas cardiomyopathy has not progressed accordingly. While ICDs are effective for primary and secondary prevention in other conditions, patients with ChD often experience more frequent episodes of ventricular tachycardia, and ICD use may provide a negative impact and increase mortality.

Under the hood: vulvar anatomy and pathology with a focus on MRI.

Vulvar anatomy and pathology can be a challenging subject to master, especially given the paucity of resources available on the subject. This review provides an overview of normal anatomy and imaging appearance of the vulva, including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, clitoral hood, external urethral meatus, vestibule and vaginal introitus, the Bartholin (greater vestibular) glands and the Skene (lesser vestibular or paraurethral) glands. We will also review the imaging appearance of various benign and malignant pathologies that affect these structures, including congenital adrenal hyperplasia, vulvar cancers, benign cysts, and urethral diverticula, with an emphasis on MR imaging.

Proto-SLIPS: Slippery Liquid-Infused Surfaces that Release Highly Water-Soluble Agents.

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (or "SLIPS") can prevent bacterial surface fouling, but they do not inherently possess the means to kill bacteria or reduce cell loads in surrounding media. Past reports show that the infused liquids in these materials can be leveraged to load and release antimicrobial agents, but these approaches are generally limited to the use of hydrophobic agents that are soluble in the infused oily phases. Here, we report the design of so-called "proto-SLIPS" that address this limitation and permit the release of highly water-soluble (or oil-insoluble) agents.

Toward the future of next-generation dairy foods-A processing perspective and economic analysis.

There is a need for sustainable food production and processing that reduces resource use and increases the availability of nutritious, innovative, and sustainable food. A coordinated, multisectoral approach across the food supply chain is essential to address global food and nutrition insecurity. The dairy industry produces abundant bioactive compound streams that can be examined for their valuable functionalities.

Transgenerational skin adaptations to late-gestation heat stress in great-granddaughters.

Homeostasis and thermoregulation depend on the interplay of the hair and skin. Maternal heat stress in late gestation triggers postnatal hair and skin adaptations in daughters and granddaughters. Herein, we investigated the transgenerational effects of late-gestation heat stress on the hair and skin of the great-granddaughters.

Free-breathing phase-sensitive inversion recovery T-weighted imaging for improved visualization of focal liver lesions.

Purpose: Gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase T-weighted (Tw) MRI is effective for the detection of focal liver lesions but lacks sufficient T contrast to distinguish benign from malignant lesions. Although the addition of T, diffusion, and dynamic contrast-enhanced Tw imaging improves lesion characterization, these methods often do not provide adequate spatial resolution to identify subcentimeter lesions. This work proposes a high-resolution, volumetric, free-breathing liver MRI method that produces colocalized fat-suppressed, variable Tw images from a single acquisition, thereby improving both lesion detection and characterization.

Recent advances in neuroimaging of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

This review covers recent advances (2023-2024) in neuroimaging research into the pathophysiology, progression, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD). Despite the rapid emergence of blood-based biomarkers, neuroimaging continues to be a vital area of research in ADRD. Here, we discuss neuroimaging as a powerful tool to topographically visualize and quantify amyloid, tau, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and vascular disease in the brain.

Robotic-Assisted Versus Manual Total Hip Arthroplasty Performed for Hip Dysplasia.

Introduction: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) poses challenges for component positioning during total hip arthroplasty (THA) secondary to abnormal bone morphology, soft-tissue contractures, and hip center migration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of THA for DDH performed with robotic assistance versus manual (M) technique.

Methods: A retrospective review identified 115 patients with Crowe II to IV dysplasia undergoing primary THA at a single institution from 2016 to 2022.

The Contribution of Language Ability and Linguistic Factors to Disfluency in Bilingual Children.

Purpose: Speech disfluencies are common in individuals who do not stutter, with estimates suggesting a typical rate of six per 100 words. Factors such as language ability, processing load, planning difficulty, and communication strategy influence disfluency. Recent work has indicated that bilinguals may produce more disfluencies than monolinguals, but the factors underlying disfluency in bilingual children are poorly understood.

Synthesis of 13C2-Retinyl Acetate and Dose Preparation for Retinol Isotope Dilution Tests.

The retinol isotope dilution (RID) test is the most sensitive method to assess vitamin A status by estimating total liver reserves, considered the reference standard. For gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry detection, C is added to the retinol moiety. The synthetic procedure for C-retinyl acetate begins with the naturally occurring β-ionone.

Wide-Field Optical Redox Imaging with Leading-Edge Detection Enables Assessment of Treatment Response and Heterogeneity in Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids.

Patient-derived cancer organoids (PDCOs) are a valuable model to recapitulate human disease in culture with important implications for drug development. However, current methods for rapidly and reproducibly assessing PDCOs are limited. Label-free imaging methods are a promising tool to measure organoid level heterogeneity and rapidly screen drug response in PDCOs.

The cyclic nucleotide-gated channels CNGC2 and CNGC4 support systemic wound responses in .

Introduction: The local perception of a stimulus such as wounding can trigger plant-wide responses through the propagation of systemic signals including the vascular transport of diverse chemical messengers, the propagation of electrical changes, and even potentially hydraulic waves that rapidly spread throughout the plant body. These systemic signals trigger changes in second messengers such as Ca2+ that then play roles in triggering subsequent molecular responses. Although the glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels GLR3.

Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) Among Adolescents: A Narrative Review of an Emerging Public Health Epidemic.

The current electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) format was made known to the public in recent decades. Since then, it has gained widespread popularity, particularly among adolescents. A significant portion of young people in the United States and around the world are reported to use e-cigarettes.

Noninvasive ImmunoPET imaging of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer and bladder cancer using [Zr]Zr-DFO-Durvalumab.

Purpose: ImmunoPET imaging of PD-L1 has emerged as a promising strategy for patient stratification and treatment response monitoring in immunotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate [Zr]Zr-DFO-Durvalumab in noninvasive imaging of PD-L1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and bladder cancer.

Materials And Methods: Durvalumab was conjugated with -SCN-Bn-DFO and labeled with [Zr]Zr-oxalate, achieving high radiochemical purity (> 99 %) and stability.

Preliminary investigation of obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease in down syndrome.

This study provided a preliminary examination of indices of obstructive sleep apsnea (OSA) and sleep disruptions in adults with Down syndrome (DS), and their associations with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and symptomatology. A total of 93 adults with DS (aged 25-61 years) from the Alzheimer Biomarker Consortium-DS completed cognitive assessments, MRI and positron emission tomography (PET) scans (assessing amyloid-beta [Aβ] and tau), and a one-night home sleep study using the WatchPAT-300 device. Study partners also reported on depressive symptoms and diagnoses.

The epidemiology, clinical burden, and prevention of intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) related to surgically induced endometrial trauma: a systematic literature review and selective meta-analyses.

Background: Reproductive-age women with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) following uterine surgery may be asymptomatic or may experience light or absent menstruation, infertility, preterm delivery, and/or peripartum hemorrhage. Understanding procedure- and technique-specific risks and the available evidence on the impact of surgical adjuvants is essential to the design of future research.

Objective And Rationale: While many systematic reviews have been published, most deal with singular aspects of the problem.

Guidelines for the Standardization of Adult Echocardiography Reporting: Recommendations From the American Society of Echocardiography.

The American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) plays a vital role in establishing practice standards and guidelines within the echocardiography field. Its influence is comprehensive, covering training, image acquisition, nomenclature, measurements, diagnosis, and quality improvement. This report focuses on the final phases of the diagnostic imaging process, specifically reporting and communicating exam results.

Effect of delactosed whey permeate on lactation performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility on high-producing dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of forage fiber and starch sources replacement with delactosed whey permeate (DLP) on lactation performance and total-tract nutrient digestibility of high-producing dairy cows. Ninety-six multiparous Holstein cows (88 ± 36 DIM) and dietary treatments were randomly assigned to 12 pens of 8 cows for an 8-wk treatment period, after a 2-wk covariate period. Treatments were diets fed without DLP (CON), 5% replacement of corn silage with DLP (LCS), and 5% replacement of high-moisture corn with DLP (LHMC).

Effect of dietary starch concentration and direct-fed microbial supplementation on lactation performance, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and enteric methane emissions by dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of dietary starch concentration by replacing high-moisture corn with soy hulls and a direct-fed microbial (DFM) containing Bacillus subtilis 810 and Bacillus licheniformis 809 on the lactation performance, feeding behavior, total-tract nutrient digestibility, and enteric CH emissions of dairy cows. Sixty-four multiparous Holstein cows (67 ± 24 DIM and 729 ± 60 kg of BW at the beginning of the covariate period) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for a 12-wk treatment period, after a 1-wk acclimation period and 2-wk covariate period. Treatments consisted of diets with 21% starch and no DFM (RS-CON), 21% starch and DFM (RS-DFM), 27% starch and no DFM (NS-CON), and 27% starch and DFM (NS-DFM).

The expanding clinical utility of blood neurofilament light chain (bNfL): a multi-disciplinary diagnostic tool.

Background: The protein neurofilament light chain in blood (bNfL) has become a valuable biomarker in the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of neurological diseases. However, its potential use beyond neurology in routine clinical practice remains unexplored. This study aimed to examine the clinical utility of bNfL by investigating its expanding use (i) assessing its integration into in- and outpatient routine practice, (ii) both within and outside of academic hospitals, and (iii) across different medical disciplines and various departments.