Early childhood caries intervention in Aboriginal Australian children: Follow-up at child age 9 years.

Objective: Dental caries is one of the most common preventable diseases among Indigenous children. The study aimed to estimate the efficacy of an Early Childhood Caries (ECC) intervention among Aboriginal Australian children over 9 years, and to explore potential risk factors associated with dental caries among Indigenous Australian children.

Methods: Data were from a randomized controlled trial conducted in South Australia, Australia.

Assessing the burden of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy or hyperemesis gravidarum and the associated use and experiences of medication treatments: An Australian consumer survey.

Background: There is little data on contemporary patterns of antiemetic use or women's experiences when using such agents in the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) or hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Methods: Online, national survey of Australian women who were currently or had previously experienced severe NVP or HG, distributed through the HG consumer group, Hyperemesis Australia between July and September 2020.

Results: There were a total of 289 respondents with a mean age of 33 years, of which 38% were currently pregnant.

Road transportation is associated with decreased intestinal motility in horses.

Background: Transportation of horses has been associated with colic and changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome. Percutaneous abdominal ultrasonography using wireless, point-of-care transducers can be used to assess gastrointestinal motility in field settings.

Objectives: Characterization of intestinal motility and salivary cortisol responses of horses completing commercial transportation of 10-12h.

Functional Profiling Demonstrates That a Sulfide-Reducing Diet Achieves Microenvironmental Targets in Ulcerative Colitis.

Background: As a dietary approach to reducing inflammation in ulcerative colitis, the 4-SURE (4 Strategies to Sulfide Reduction) diet was designed to correct pathogenic alterations of excessive protein fermentation and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production in the distal colon. We aimed to perform a deep functional analysis (microbial and metabolomic) of the feces of 28 adults with mild-moderately active ulcerative colitis who adhered to the 4-SURE diet over 8 weeks to explore whether the 4-SURE diet could modulate the intraluminal environment as intended.

Methods: Fecal samples were collected at week 0 and 8 of dietary intervention, processed and aliquoted.

Isomorphism of LiVO/NaVO and Its Li Transport Behavior.

Distinct physical and chemical properties are shown for the bulk and surface of the electrodes, resulting in different ion diffusion behaviors. The knock-off mechanism for multi-ion cooperative transport of LiVO exhibits excellent solid diffusion kinetics, but the slow Li insertion at the electrode/solution interface becomes the rate-controlling step of the reaction. The direct-hopping mechanism is more favorable for Li insertion reactions at the electrode/solution interface.

Stakeholder engagement: supporting innovation in aged care.

Aim: This study aimed to understand stakeholder engagement in aged care by examining four key objectives: who was engaged, how they were engaged, the factors that supported their engagement, and the outcomes realized from the process.

Introduction: The aged care sector must innovate to meet increased service demand, staff shortages, insufficient funding, and rising client expectations. Effective innovation in this sector requires meaningful stakeholder engagement, yet the definitions and processes surrounding engagement are often ambiguous and criticized for being tokenistic.

Induced nanostructured MnO on carbon cloth with optimized sodium-ion storage capability for self-supporting supercapacitors.

Herein, a hybrid-structured MnO cathode with self-supporting carbon cloth (CI-MnO@CC) was constructed by a nanomicellar-induced strategy cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for advanced supercapacitors. This self-supporting electrode achieves enhanced Na-ion storage ability and structure stability, which provides new insights for designing functional MnO electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors.

Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Child Height in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Background: Child height is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. However, it is unclear how these factors vary by geographical region and by study design, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where data is scarce. Understanding these variations will aid the identification of factors that may be hindering growth in specific populations.

Interfacial Li Diffusion Booster Accelerated by Enhanced Metal-Organic Framework Sieving and Wettability for High-Voltage Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) are promising for realizing higher energy density. However, the poor interfacial Li transport kinetics and Li dendrite growth inhibit SSLMBs, leading to sluggish interfacial ion diffusion and depressive lifespan, which is attributed to high barriers blocked by anions or interface space in solid-state electrolytes. Herein, a flexible solid-state polymer skeleton employed with ionic liquid and metal-organic frameworks (PIM) electrolyte is proposed to strengthen interfacial Li ion exchange by improving the Li sieving effect and interfacial wettability.

Scalability and scaling-up strategy of a physical activity policy intervention in Australian childcare centres.

There is an urgent need for scalable interventions to promote physical activity in early childhood. An early childhood education and care (ECEC) physical activity policy intervention with implementation support strategies (Play Active) has been proposed for scale-up in Australia. This study sought to assess the scalability of Play Active and describe the Play Active scaling-up strategy.

Adapting the Grog survey app for alcohol screening and feedback in aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health services: a mixed methods study protocol.

Background: Routine use of brief, structured screening tools is essential to detect and provide support for Australians who drink above recommended levels. However, detecting drinking above recommended levels in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian primary care settings is complex. Inaccuracies in completing a screening tool such as Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - Consumption, can lead to errors in estimating drinking in First Nations contexts where group sharing and episodic drinking make it difficult to accurately estimate alcohol consumption with tools that assume regular drinking patterns.

Impact of major stroke service centralisation on mortality and care: analysis of admissions, interventions and outcomes in South Australia.

Background: Major system reform is complex but can yield improved outcomes at multiple levels. We aimed to evaluate the impact of implementing a hub and spoke model of stroke care across metropolitan Adelaide (population 1.2 million), South Australia on mortality, morbidity, service and quality stroke indicators.

Spatial distribution and determinants of health care access barriers among female Pakistan youths: spatial and multilevel regression analysis.

Introduction: Ensuring universal access to high-quality healthcare services including services free from financial barriers, is a global priority. However, accessing healthcare services remains challenging for youth in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), including Pakistan. This study investigates the spatial distribution and determinants of healthcare access barriers among female youths in Pakistan.

Effect of temperature and relative humidity on the effectiveness of graphene on stored product insects.

This investigation assessed the insecticidal efficacy of two graphene formulations (Gr1 and Gr2) on wheat kernels against adults of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) in relation to temperature and relative humidity (RH) at concentrations of 500 and 1000 ppm.

Introducing the Mesh Integration (MINT) Index: a standardised ratio scale for assessing in vivo hernia mesh performance.

Background: One in 15 people throughout their lifetime will develop an incisional hernia. Poor mesh tissue integration is thought to be responsible for hernia repair failure years after surgery. The aim was to develop a mesh integration index for standardised assessment of in vivo hernia mesh behaviour in the abdominal wall.

Mask-Guided and Fidelity-Constrained Deep Learning Model for Accurate Translation of Brain CT Images to Diffusion MRI Images in Acute Stroke Patients.

The early and precise diagnosis of stroke plays an important role in its treatment planning. Computed Tomography (CT) is utilised as a first diagnostic tool for quick diagnosis and to rule out haemorrhage. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides superior sensitivity in comparison to CT for detecting early acute ischaemia and small lesions.

Salt-templated transformation of waste plastics into single-atom catalysts for environmental and energy applications.

Upcycling plastic waste into single-atom catalysts (SACs) not only offers a sustainable solution for plastic waste management but also yields valuable functional materials for catalytic applications. Here, we report a simple and scalable method to transform various types of plastics, including polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl chloride, and their mixtures, into a diversity of porous SACs with different coordination chemistry and their excellent applications in a variety of catalytic reactions. Lamellar transition metal chloride salts (Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, and Cu) are employed as a template and catalyst for confined carbonization of plastics into layered SACs.

Evaluation of a Residential Managed Alcohol Program for Aboriginal Peoples Experiencing Homelessness and Alcohol Dependence: Short-Term Impacts of an Australian Trial.

Introduction: Homelessness and alcohol dependence can be barriers to accessing essential services such as health care, housing, and social supports. Managed alcohol programs (MAP) have emerged as an effective harm reduction strategy for people experiencing homelessness and alcohol dependence. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the short-term impacts of the first MAP run in South Australia outside of COVID-19 restrictions and the first in Australia to be conducted in a healthcare setting.

Paternal prepubertal passive smoke exposure is related to impaired lung function trajectories from childhood to middle age in their offspring.

Introduction: Paternal prepubertal passive smoke exposure may increase the risk of childhood asthma. However, its association with impaired lung function trajectories at risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in offspring was not investigated. We assessed the association between paternal prepubertal passive smoke exposure and lung function from childhood to middle age in their offspring.

Role of health communication on perceived risk and influence on preventative behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.

Objective: Risk perception is a key influencing factor on the adoption of preventative health behaviours. This study aimed to understand the role of health communication on how people perceived the risk of COVID-19 and influenced relevant health behaviours to minimise disease susceptibility during the COVID-19 pandemic among people with a chronic disease.

Design: This qualitative study involved a semi-structured interview of participants diagnosed with a chronic disease.

What's the point? The functional role of claws in pad-bearing taxa (Gekkota: Diplodactylidae).

Morphological adaptations facilitate effective movement within habitats. Claws are among the most common adaptations enabling organisms to use inclined and vertical surfaces. However, some taxa have evolved adhesive pads in addition to claws, with claws suggested to be more effective at gripping coarse surfaces, while pads attach better to fine-grained surfaces.

Macroevolutionary role reversals in the earliest radiation of bony fishes.

The evolution of jaws is hypothesized to have fueled radiations among vertebrates, contributing to their overwhelming success in the present day. Past work shows rapid early expansion of diversity in jaw structure in many lineages; however, the evolutionary dynamics underlying this pattern are unclear and hindered by the lack of a robust comparative framework. Here, using a macroevolutionary approach, we explore the diversification of lower jaws in early bony fishes, a major contributor to this initial radiation.

Measurement of dynamic stress using linear and nonlinear acoustoelastic effects due to colinear wave mixing.

This paper investigates a new method to evaluate dynamic stress in plate or shell-like components due to propagation of elastic waves. The proposed method is based on collinear mixing of the stress wave with a high frequency (probe) wave, which is excited in the ultrasonic frequency range. The wave interactions generate linear and nonlinear responses such as the changes of the group velocity of the probe wave and generation of higher-order harmonics, respectively.