Correspondence of high dimensional emotion structures elicited from video clips between humans and multimodal LLMs.

Recent studies have revealed that human emotions exhibit a high-dimensional, complex structure. A full capturing of this complexity requires new approaches, as conventional models that disregard high dimensionality risk overlooking key nuances of human emotions. Here, we examined the extent to which the latest generation of rapidly evolving Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) capture these high-dimensional, intricate emotion structures, including capabilities and limitations.

Novel magnetic resonance imaging methodology for dynamic visualization of respiratory thoracic motion: a pilot feasibility study.

Introduction: Positional management is important in respiratory rehabilitation. Current magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques for visualizing respiratory mechanics are limited by external pressure from receiver coils or spatial restrictions within the bore, and there is no established method for visualizing respiratory movements in the semi-prone position. Therefore, we aimed to develop a novel MR imaging and analysis method for visualizing thoracic movements during free breathing, enabling assessment of positional effects.

Design and experimental simulation for an optical frequency transfer system on silicon photonic platform.

An optical frequency transfer system was designed aiming at silicon photonics integration. To evaluate the expected performance before fabricating the photonic integrated circuits, an experimental simulator was developed by employing alternative optics that were replaceable with the corresponding photonic functions. In particular, a carrier-suppressed single-sideband Mach-Zehnder modulator was first exploited as a double-pass phase-compensation actuator in fiber-induced noise cancellation.

Neural encoding of temporal and spatial plausibility in naturalistic motion: an awake monkey fMRI study.

Time flows in one direction, a physical constraint humans recognize, as reflected in proverbs such as "there is no crying over spilt milk." Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated that human participants rely on specific cues to discriminate the direction of time's arrow, with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identifying neural networks selective for temporal directionality. These neural bases are likely shared across species, as the physical constraint of time is universal, even if other species may not "recognize" it as a law.

FedNolowe: A normalized loss-based weighted aggregation strategy for robust federated learning in heterogeneous environments.

Federated Learning supports collaborative model training across distributed clients while keeping sensitive data decentralized. Still, non-independent and identically distributed data pose challenges like unstable convergence and client drift. We propose Federated Normalized Loss-based Weighted Aggregation (FedNolowe) (Code is available at https://github.

Cross-species implementation of an innate courtship behavior by manipulation of the sex-determinant gene.

In accepting a courting male, females require nuptial gift giving in which a male gives regurgitated crop contents to her mouth to mouth. No similar behavior is found in . By clonal activation of neurons expressing the male-determinant FruM, we identified insulin-like peptide-producing cells (IPCs) and their putative postsynaptic targets, proboscis-innervating motoneurons, as those critical for gift giving.

Neural substrates underlying multisensory stiffness perception via active touch and dynamic visual feedback.

Humans perceive the physical properties of objects through active touch to acquire information that is unavailable by passive observation (e.g., pinching an object to estimate its stiffness).

Immediate effect of quadri-pulse stimulation on human brain microstructures and functions.

It remains unclear whether repetitive stimulation of a single brain area immediately alters brain microstructure. Thus, we investigated the immediate changes in human brain microstructures following repetitive extrinsic excitation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) through quadri-pulse stimulation (QPS). Sixteen right-handed healthy adults underwent excitatory (QPS5) and inhibitory (QPS50) QPS.

How much can children see and report about their experience of a brief glance at a natural scene?

Recent studies on brief scene perception have revealed that adults discriminate between what they see and do not see in a photograph with varying degrees of confidence. In this study, we attempt to extend previous studies by asking if these perceptual/cognitive abilities are already established in preschool and school-aged children. In Experiment 1 ( = 122) and 2 ( = 205, registered report), using an online experiment, we briefly presented a natural scene (267 ms in Experiment 1 and 133 ms in Experiment 2) to participants and, subsequently, asked them if a small patch was included in the original scene.

Younger adult brain utilizes interhemispheric strategy via ipsilateral dorsal premotor cortex for fine control of dexterous finger movements, unlike the aging brain.

Introduction: This study investigated how healthy, right-handed younger adults utilize the typically suppressed ipsilateral sensorimotor cortices [particularly, the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), primary motor cortex (M1), primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and superior parietal cortex of Area 2] to perform a dexterous finger motor task and its age-related changes.

Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure brain activity in healthy, right-handed younger and older adults during a simple button-press task with the right index finger and a dexterous stick-rotation task involving fine control and coordination of individual right finger movements. The individual performance capacity in stick rotation (the personal trait of finger dexterity) was assessed outside the scanner.

A supplemental receiver coil recovers frontal and subcortical functional magnetic resonance imaging signals under half-volume head coil configuration.

The need for multisensory devices such as virtual reality and touch during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasing. However, implementation of those devices requires a large presentation system, and the face-covering receiver coil obstructs their placement. To create more space, it has been proposed to remove the front half coil and place a small elliptical flex receiver coil on the participant's forehead.

Semantics of Brain-Machine Hybrids.

Brain-machine interfaces, also known as brain-computer interfaces, represent a rapidly advancing field at the intersection of neuroscience and technology, enabling direct communication pathways between the brain and external devices. This review charts the historical evolution of brain-machine interfaces, from fundamental discoveries such as electroencephalography and volitional single-neuron control to sophisticated decoding of neural population activity for real-time control of robotics and sensory reconstruction. Clinical breakthroughs lead to unprecedented success in restoring motor function after paralysis through brain-spine interfaces, enabling high-speed communication through thought-to-text/speech systems, providing sensory feedback for prosthetics, and implementing closed-loop neuromodulation for the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy and depression.

Precision Spectral Measurements of Chromium and Titanium from 10 to 250 GeV/n and Sub-Iron to Iron Ratio with the Calorimetric Electron Telescope on the International Space Station.

The Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), in operation on the International Space Station since 2015, collected a large sample of cosmic-ray (CR) iron and sub-iron events over a wide energy interval. In this Letter, we report an update of our previous measurement of the iron flux and we present-for the first time-a high statistics measurement of the spectra of two sub-iron elements Cr and Ti in the energy interval from 10 to 250  GeV/n. The analyses are based on 8 years of data.

Triple sulfur isotope analysis of picomole carbonyl sulfide using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Background: Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an important indicator of gross primary production. However, the lack of a precise understanding of its sources, sinks, and spatiotemporal distribution limits the accuracy of COS-based assessments. Measurements of the sulfur isotope ratios of atmospheric COS have been used to better understand its global COS budget and the atmospheric chemistry of COS.

Evaluating the impact of denoising diffusion MRI data on tractometry metrics of optic tract abnormalities in glaucoma.

Diffusion MRI (dMRI)-based tractometry is a non-invasive neuroimaging method for evaluating white matter tracts in living humans, capable of detecting abnormalities caused by disorders. However, measurement noise in dMRI data often compromises the signal quality. Several denoising methods for dMRI have been proposed, but the extent to which denoising affects tractometry metrics of white matter tissue properties associated with disorders remains unclear.

Chemokine-complement cascade in glial-vascular units protects neurons from non-biogenic nanoparticles.

Non-biogenic nanoparticles (NPs), including silica and polystyrene, are major components of environmental particulate pollution and can accumulate in the brain, especially during development when the blood-brain barrier is immature, leading to neurotoxicity. However, protective responses within the brain to these NPs remain poorly understood. Here, using a developing mouse model, we show that microglia phagocytose non-biogenic NPs through a complement-dependent mechanism involving C3 tagging.

Human and artificial visual systems share a computational principle for transforming binocular disparity into depth representation.

Our visual brain transforms small differences between images in the two eyes (binocular disparity) into coherent depth. Initially, neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) compute the degrees of overlap between the left and right images to encode disparity. Such cross-correlation-like neurons respond to both binocularly matched and mismatched features.

EEG synchronisation reveals the impact of group identity and membership duration on social cognitive bias.

Group identity induces social cognitive biases, and membership duration may amplify these effects. This study aimed to examine such bias by analysing similarities in neural processing among individuals in competitive scenarios. The fans of two Japanese baseball teams, the Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes, watched baseball matches between the teams, and EEG synchronisation was analysed for in-group (same team) and out-group (different team) pairs, considering fan history as a factor representing membership duration.

Causal links to persisting daytime equatorial plasma bubbles over Asia-Pacific region following the geomagnetic storm on 01 December 2023.

A strong geomagnetic storm that occurred on 01-December-2023 triggered unusual equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB) over 100-140°E longitudes, which persisted for several hours after sunrise on the next day. FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 and ground-based global navigation satellite system observations, and Global Ionospheric Specification (GIS) electron density are used to investigate this long-lasting unseasonal EPB episode in the solstice period over Asia-Pacific. The results show that in presence of elevated F-layer bottom-side aided by prompt penetration electric field (PPEF), large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTID) generated by high-latitude Joule heating seeded the instability soon after sunset.

Direct excitatory loop and theta resonance in the anterior cingulate-mediodorsal thalamic circuit.

Interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the thalamus are critical for cognitive processing, including working memory and attention. Specifically, theta oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDT) during cognitive tasks are associated with persistent neural activity during working memory; however, the cellular mechanisms underlying the theta oscillations remain unclear. Using targeted patch-clamp recordings combined with neuronal projection identification in rats, we demonstrate that there is a subcircuit of monosynaptically interconnected ACC and MDT neurons to form a positive feedback loop.

Revealing spatiotemporal variations in areas potentially linked to COVID-19 spread using fine-grained population data.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to better understand the dynamics of disease spread in cities in order to develop efficient and effective epidemiological strategies. In this study, we utilise fine-grained spatiotemporal population data obtained from mobile devices to identify areas and time of day that may contribute to COVID-19 spread, and investigate how they change throughout different waves of the pandemic. To evaluate the potential risk to city residents, we analyse the correlation between the effective reproduction number and population dynamics at locations regularly visited by these residents.

Event-related brain activity in response to partners' speech in natural conversation.

How listeners cognitively process speech during natural conversation remains poorly understood, particularly in terms of the role of the speaker's and listener's subjective mental states and empathic traits. This study examined relationships between these psychological factors and listener's cognitive processing of speech. We simultaneously recorded electroencephalograms from 20 romantic couples during natural face-to-face conversations.

Asymmetric representation of symmetric semantic information in the human brain.

Specific pairs of semantic entities have symmetric relationships, such as word pairs with opposite meanings (e.g., "intelligent" and "stupid"; "human" and "mechanical").