Automatic anatomical foot and ankle coordinate toolbox.

Accurate analysis of bone position and orientation in foot and ankle studies relies on anatomical coordinate systems (ACS). Reliable ACSs are necessary for many biomechanical and clinical studies, especially those including weightbearing computed tomography and biplane fluoroscopy. Existing ACS approaches suffer from limitations such as manual input, oversimplifications, or non-physiological methods.

Drop landing analysis of rotational osteotomies.

Pathomechanics resulting from rotational deformities of the long bones in an idiopathic population have not been extensively studied, and are chiefly limited to level over ground walking. Thirty-five adolescents with excessive idiopathic outward tibial torsion (TT), femoral rotation, or both (pan genu) were studied both before and after corrective surgery. Data collected included computational motion analysis of a drop jump and patient-reported outcomes consisting of PODCI and Goal Attainment Scores.

[Features of different contemporary acupuncture and moxibustion schools in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis].

Acupuncture and moxibustion has certain advantages in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis，but the treatment methods and diagnosis and treatment ideas are complicated. This paper sortes out the representative contemporary acupuncture and moxibustion schools in the treatment of post-stroke spastic paralysis, analyzes their academic origins，summarizes and compares the theory，acupoint selection and technique characteristics of different schools in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease，so as to provide some references for guiding optimal treatment schemes selection in clinic.

Is peak hamstrings muscle-tendon length criterion a sufficient indicator to recommend against surgical lengthening of hamstrings?

Background: Excessive knee flexion during stance in children with cerebral palsy is often treated by surgical hamstrings lengthening. Pre-operative hamstrings muscle-tendon length can be estimated from kinematics and often used for decision making to rule out surgical lengthening if peak hamstrings muscle-tendon length is 'Not Short'.

Research Question: If peak hamstrings muscle-tendon length is within two standard deviations of typical, is that a sufficient indicator to rule out surgical hamstrings lengthening?

Methods: Three motion analysis centers retrospectively identified children with cerebral palsy, age 6-17 years, who had consecutive gait analyses with knee flexion at initial contact > 20° and popliteal angle > 35° at initial study.

The long-term effects of aggressive spasticity reducing treatment, including selective dorsal rhizotomy, on joint kinematic outcomes of persons with cerebral palsy.

Background: Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) creates a large and permanent reduction of spasticity for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Previous SDR outcomes studies have generally lacked appropriate control groups, had limited sample sizes, or reported short-term follow-up, limiting evidence for improvement in long-term gait function.

Research Question: Does aggressive spasticity management for individuals with CP improve long-term gait kinematics (discrete joint kinematics) compared to a control group of individuals with CP with minimal spasticity management?

Methods: This study was a secondary analysis - focused on joint-level kinematics - of a previous study evaluating the long-term outcomes of SDR.

The influence of backward versus forward locomotor training on gait speed and balance control post-stroke: Recovery or compensation?

Backward walking training has been reported to improve gait speed and balance post-stroke. However, it is not known if gains are achieved through recovery of the paretic limb or compensations from the nonparetic limb. The purpose of this study was to compare the influence of backward locomotor training (BLT) versus forward locomotor training (FLT) on gait speed and dynamic balance control, and to quantify the underlying mechanisms used to achieve any gains.

Does use of ankle foot orthoses affect the dynamic motor control index during walking in cerebral palsy and idiopathic toe walking populations?

Background: The dynamic motor control (walk-DMC) index during walking is a measure of the complexity of muscle activation pattern. Ankle Foot Orthoses (AFO) are frequently used to improve the gait of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and Idiopathic Toe Walking (ITW). The purpose of this study was to assess the change in walk-DMC index secondary to AFO use.

Passive Dynamic Ankle Foot Orthoses Use in Civilian Patients with Arthritic Conditions of the Foot and Ankle.

Background: Nonsurgical interventions such as bracing with ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) aim to assist, restore, and redirect weightbearing forces to address difficulty with mobilization. We identified a custom carbon fiber passive dynamic ankle foot orthosis (PDAFO) that was designed to meet the needs of military combat veterans. We sought to evaluate the off-loading properties of one model of PDAFO (ExoSym) in a civilian population.

Biomechanical Implications of Congenital Conditions of the Foot/Ankle.

Segmental foot and ankle models are often used as part of instrumented gait analysis when planning interventions for complex congenital foot conditions. More than 40 models have been used for clinical analysis, and it is important to understand the technical differences among models. These models have been used to improve clinical planning of pediatric foot conditions including clubfoot, planovalgus, and equinovarus.

Functional effects of arthroscopic modified Broström procedure on lateral ankle instability: A pilot study.

Background: This study aims to assess the mechanical and functional effects of the arthroscopic modified Broström procedure (AMBP) on patients with lateral ankle instability.

Methods: Eight patients with unilateral ankle instability treated with AMBP and eight healthy subjects were recruited. Healthy subjects, preoperative and one-year postoperative patients were assessed using outcome scales and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for dynamic postural control.

Patient-reported Outcomes of Adolescents Treated With Guided Growth to Correct Idiopathic Genu Valgum.

Background: Guided growth is commonly used to treat frontal plane alignment deformities in skeletally immature individuals. Treatment aims are to correct the biomechanical loading of the knee and to avoid more invasive surgery that would be required after skeletal maturity. There is little published evidence of pain perception or functional limitations in this population.

Tendon properties in a mouse model of severe osteogenesis imperfecta.

Purpose/aim Of The Study: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable bone disorder that is usually caused by mutations in collagen type I encoding genes. The impact of such mutations on tendons, a structure with high collagen type I content, remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that tendon properties are abnormal in the context of a mutation affecting collagen type I.

Long-term outcome of hamstring lengthening versus transfer and the role of biceps femoris lengthening in patients with spastic diplegia and dynamic knee flexion in gait.

Background: Orthopedic treatment of flexed-knee gait consists of hamstring lengthening along with surgery at other levels. Transfer of the semitendinosus (hamstring transfer) was introduced to avoid increase of anterior pelvic tilt as well as reduce risk of recurrence.

Methods: We retrospectively assessed children with spastic cerebral palsy and flexed-knee gait pre-operatively, 1 year post-operatively, and at a minimum of 7 years post-operatively.

Concomitant osteochondral lesions of the talus affect the stair descent biomechanics of patients with chronic ankle instability: A pilot study.

Background: Previous studies on the kinematics of patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) that did not incorporate MRI and arthroscopic assessment could not differentiate between patients with CAI without osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) and patients with CAI and OLT and have thus presented contradictory results.

Research Question: This study aimed to investigate the kinematic and electromyographic differences between patients with and without OLT.

Methods: Sixteen subjects with CAI (eight without OLT and eight with OLT confirmed through MRI and arthroscopic assessment) and eight healthy subjects underwent gait analysis in a stair descent setting.

Surgical management of concurrent lateral ankle instability and osteochondral lesions of the talus increases dynamic sagittal ankle range of motion.

Purpose: A biomechanical study, in which imaging modalities are used to strictly include patients with concurrent lateral ankle instability (LAI) and osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT), is needed to demonstrate the static and dynamic ankle range of motion (ROM) restriction in these patients, and determine whether ankle ROM restriction can be corrected postoperatively.

Methods: Eight patients with concurrent LAI and OLT treated with the arthroscopic modified Broström procedure and microfracture were recruited from June 2019 to January 2020. Patients were assessed using outcome scales, static ankle ROM, and a stair descent gait analysis for dynamic ankle ROM, a day prior to surgery and one year postoperatively.

Habituation and Dishabituation in Motor Behavior: Experiment and Neural Dynamic Model.

Does motor behavior early in development have the same signatures of habituation, dishabituation, and Spencer-Thompson dishabituation known from infant perception and cognition? And do these signatures explain the choice preferences in A not B motor decision tasks? We provide new empirical evidence that gives an affirmative answer to the first question together with a unified neural dynamic model that gives an affirmative answer to the second question.In the perceptual and cognitive domains, habituation is the weakening of an orientation response to a stimulus over perceptual experience. Switching to a novel stimulus leads to dishabituation, the re-establishment of the orientation response.

What is the minimum torque required to obtain passive elbow end range of motion?

Background: Passive range of motion is a common clinical assessment. The point at which passive end range of motion is measured is typically described by the 'end-feel'of the joint.

Research Question: What is the minimum amount of torque required to obtain passive elbow flexion and extension in children?

Methods: Twenty-five children (age, 7.

Instrumented Gait Analysis (IGA) for Management of Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Needs Assessment Survey.

Purpose: This needs assessment survey identifies the priorities of the clinical and research communities involved with the use of instrumented gait analysis (IGA) for a clinical practice guideline on IGA use with children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: Thirteen Likert scale questions asked about the importance of topics related to IGA. Other questions addressed respondents' demographics, experience with IGA, patient populations, and gait laboratory characteristics.

What are the long-term outcomes of lateral column lengthening for pes planovalgus in cerebral palsy?

Background: Lateral column lengthening (LCL) is commonly performed on children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) for correction of pes planovalgus (PPV). There are limited reports of the long-term outcomes of this procedure. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term results of LCL for correction of PPV in individuals with CP by evaluating subjects when they had transitioned to adulthood and were entering the workforce.

Outcome of Gastrocnemius Soleus Facial Lengthening in Ambulatory Patients With Cerebral Palsy.

Background: Treatment of equinus contractures in children with cerebral palsy (CP) varies across centers. Existing literature utilizes mixed study populations with a variety of procedures. As such, there is limited knowledge regarding recurrence rates and efficacy of a single procedure performed on a homogenous cohort.

Differences in balance control between healthy younger and older adults during steady-state walking.

Each year approximately one third of older adults fall and experience extensive musculoskeletal injuries and functional disabilities. An important element in maintaining dynamic balance is the regulation of whole-body angular momentum, which is achieved by proper foot placement with respect to the body center-of-mass as well as generation of appropriate ground reaction forces. Analyzing these quantities in younger and older adults may provide insight into differences in their underlying mechanics for maintaining dynamic balance.

Instrumented gait analysis for management of gait disorders in children with cerebral palsy: A scoping review.

Background: The use of Instrumented Gait Analysis (IGA) for the clinical management of individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) has increased in recent years. Previous systematic reviews have been completed to evaluate and summarize the evidence related to the efficacy of IGA in general. However, a focused summary of research studies on IGA for children with CP related gait disorders is needed.

Home-Based Telehealth Exercise Intervention in Early-On Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Feasibility Study.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most common type of pediatric cancer. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia causes an altered bone mineral homeostasis state, which can contribute to osteopenia, and bone fractures, most commonly vertebral fractures. With the increasing number of childhood cancer survivors, late adverse effects such as musculoskeletal comorbidities are often reported and are further influenced by inactive lifestyle habits.

Multi-segment foot kinematics during gait following ankle arthroplasty.

Ankle arthritis is a debilitating disease marked by pain and limited function. Total ankle arthroplasty improves pain while preserving motion and offers an alternative to the traditional treatment of ankle fusion. Gait analysis and functional outcomes tools can provide an objective balanced analysis of ankle replacement for the treatment of ankle arthritis.