Exploring Differentially Expressed Genes and Understanding the Underlying Mechanisms in Glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and malignant tumor of the central nervous system. Current treatment options, including surgical excision, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have Limited efficacy, with a median survival rate of approximately 15 months. To develop novel therapeutics, it is crucial to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms driving glioblastoma.

Assessment of genomic prediction capabilities of transcriptome data in a barley multi-parent RIL population.

Low-cost and high-throughput RNA sequencing data for barley RILs achieved GP performance comparable to or better than traditional SNP array datasets when combined with parental whole-genome sequencing SNP data. The field of genomic selection (GS) is advancing rapidly on many fronts including the utilization of multi-omics datasets with the goal of increasing prediction ability and becoming an integral part of an increasing number of breeding programs ensuring future food security. In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data to perform genomic prediction (GP) on three related barley RIL populations.

Restriction of russet mite and influence on predatory mite dispersal using different stem barriers in tomato crop.

The tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Tryon), is a key pest of commercially grown tomatoes worldwide. Due to its minute size, its detection is often not timely for effective control. In this study, the approach of limiting A.

In vivo itaconate tracing reveals degradation pathway and turnover kinetics.

Itaconate is an immunomodulatory metabolite that alters mitochondrial metabolism and immune cell function. This organic acid is endogenously synthesized by tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolism downstream of TLR signalling. Itaconate-based treatment strategies are under investigation to mitigate numerous inflammatory conditions.

Deciphering cross-cohort metabolic signatures of immune responses and their implications for disease pathogenesis.

The complex interplay between circulating metabolites and immune responses, which is pivotal to disease pathophysiology, remains poorly understood and understudied in systematic research. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the immune response and circulating metabolome in two Western European cohorts (534 and 324 healthy individuals) and one from sub-Saharan Africa (323 healthy donors). At the metabolic level, our analysis revealed sex-specific differences in the correlation between phosphatidylcholine and cytokine responses following ex vivo stimulation.

Grid cells accurately track movement during path integration-based navigation despite switching reference frames.

Grid cells, with their periodic firing fields, are fundamental units in neural networks that perform path integration. It is widely assumed that grid cells encode movement in a single, global reference frame. In this study, by recording grid cell activity in mice performing a self-motion-based navigation task, we discovered that grid cells did not have a stable grid pattern during the task.

Hippocampal Cofilin and CFL1 gene variants are linked to Alcohol Use Disorder phenotypes.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is characterized by pathological motivation to consume alcohol and cognitive inflexibility, leading to excessive alcohol seeking and use. In this study, we investigated the molecular correlates of impaired extinction of alcohol seeking during forced abstinence using a mouse model of AUD in the automated IntelliCage social system. This model distinguished AUD-prone and AUD-resistant animals based on the presence of ≥2 or <2 criteria of AUD, respectively.

Probing non-equilibrium topological order on a quantum processor.

Out-of-equilibrium phases in many-body systems constitute a new paradigm in quantum matter-they exhibit dynamical properties that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics. Among these non-equilibrium phases are periodically driven (Floquet) systems, which are generically difficult to simulate classically because of their high entanglement. Here we realize a Floquet topologically ordered state theoretically proposed in ref.

Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors.

Extreme event attribution assesses how climate change affected climate extremes, but typically focuses on single events. Furthermore, these attributions rarely quantify the extent to which anthropogenic actors have contributed to these events. Here we show that climate change made 213 historical heatwaves reported over 2000-2023 more likely and more intense, to which each of the 180 carbon majors (fossil fuel and cement producers) substantially contributed.

Redox-driven mineral and organic associations in Jezero Crater, Mars.

The Perseverance rover has explored and sampled igneous and sedimentary rocks within Jezero Crater to characterize early Martian geological processes and habitability and search for potential biosignatures. Upon entering Neretva Vallis, on Jezero Crater's western edge, Perseverance investigated distinctive mudstone and conglomerate outcrops of the Bright Angel formation. Here we report a detailed geological, petrographic and geochemical survey of these rocks and show that organic-carbon-bearing mudstones in the Bright Angel formation contain submillimetre-scale nodules and millimetre-scale reaction fronts enriched in ferrous iron phosphate and sulfide minerals, likely vivianite and greigite, respectively.

On the origin of the late-flowering ppd-H1 allele in barley.

To breed for climate resilient crops, an understanding of the genetic and environmental factors influencing adaptation is critical. Barley provides a model species to study adaptation to climate change. Here we present a detailed analysis of genetic variation at a major photoperiod response locus and relate this to the domestication history and dispersal of barley.

A neuronal correlate for time interval estimation in the crow's telencephalon.

Interval timing, the ability to perceive and estimate durations between events, is essential for many animal behaviors. In mammals, it is linked to specific cortical and sub-cortical brain regions, but its neural basis in birds remains unclear. We trained two male carrion crows on a time estimation task using visual stimuli, cueing them to wait for a minimum duration of 1500 ms, 3000 ms, or 6000 ms before responding to receive a reward.

The impact of private hosting on the integration of Ukrainian refugees in Germany.

Amid the Ukrainian displacement crisis, private hosting of refugees in Europe has surged, yet its impact on integration remains understudied. This research examines the short- to medium-term effects of private hosting on Ukrainian refugee integration in Germany. Using data from one of the largest non-profit platforms that matches private hosts with refugees, we compare the multidimensional integration outcomes of refugees who were matched with private hosts to those of observably similar refugees who applied for private hosting but were not matched (n = 1,700).

Systematic variation of the acceptor electrophilicity in donor-acceptor-donor emitters exhibiting efficient room temperature phosphorescence suited for digital luminescence.

Purely organic materials showing efficient and persistent emission via room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) allow the design of minimalistic yet powerful technological solutions for sensing, bioimaging, information storage, and safety applications using the photonic design principle of digital luminescence. Although several promising materials exist, a deep understanding of the underlying structure-property relationship and, thus, development of rational design strategies are widely missing. Some of the best purely organic emitters follow the donor-acceptor-donor design motif.

Improved GVHD-free relapse-free survival when rATG/ATLG is used in allo-HCT from matched sibling donors - an EBMT registry study by the Transplant Complications Working Party.

The EBMT recommends rabbit anti-thymocyte or anti-T-lymphocyte globulin (rATG/ATLG) as GVHD prophylaxis in matched sibling donor (MSD) allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). However, discrepancies between recommendations and clinical practice were reflected in the EBMT survey. Therefore, we performed retrospective EBMT registry analysis from 2014 to 2021 to reinforce the real-world evidence context of rATG/ATLG impact on post-transplantation outcomes.

Functional synapses between neurons and small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive type of lung cancer, characterized by rapid proliferation, early metastatic spread, frequent early relapse and a high mortality rate. Recent evidence has suggested that innervation has an important role in the development and progression of several types of cancer. Cancer-to-neuron synapses have been reported in gliomas, but whether peripheral tumours can form such structures is unknown.

Late fluid flow in a primitive asteroid revealed by Lu-Hf isotopes in Ryugu.

Carbonaceous asteroids are the source of the most primitive meteorites and represent leftover planetesimals that formed from ice and dust in the outer Solar System and may have delivered volatiles to the terrestrial planets. Understanding the aqueous activity of asteroids is key to deciphering their thermal, chemical and orbital evolution, with implications for the origin of water on the terrestrial planets. Analyses of the objects, in particular pristine samples returned from asteroid Ryugu, have provided detailed information on fluid-rock interactions within a few million years after parent-body formation.

Programmable antisense oligomers for phage functional genomics.

Bacteriophages are the most abundant entities on earth and exhibit vast genetic and phenotypic diversity. Exploitation of this largely unexplored molecular space requires identification and functional characterization of genes that act at the phage-host interface. So far, this has been restricted to few model phage-host systems that are amenable to genetic manipulation.

PML::RARα+ myeloid cells display metabolic alterations that can be targeted to treat resistant/relapse acute promyelocytic leukemias.

At present there is no metabolic characterization of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Pathognomonic of APL, PML::RARα fusion protein rewires metabolic pathways to feed anabolic tumor cell's growth. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO)-based therapies render APL the most curable subtype of AML, yet approximately 1% of cases are resistant and 5% relapse.

Constructing synthetic nuclear architectures via transcriptional condensates in a DNA protonucleus.

Nuclear biomolecular condensates are essential sub-compartments within the cell nucleus and play key roles in transcription and RNA processing. Bottom-up construction of nuclear architectures in synthetic settings is non-trivial but vital for understanding the mechanisms of condensates in real cellular systems. Here, we present a facile and versatile synthetic DNA protonucleus (PN) platform that facilitates localized transcription of branched RNA motifs with kissing loops (KLs) for subsequent condensation into complex condensate architectures.