Quantifying the effect of interpregnancy maternal weight and smoking status changes on childhood overweight and obesity in a UK population-based cohort.

Background: Maternal preconception and pregnancy exposures have been linked to offspring adiposity. We aimed to quantify the effect of changes in maternal weight and smoking status between pregnancies on childhood overweight/obesity (≥ 85th centile) and obesity (≥ 95th centile) rates in second children.

Methods: Records for 5612 women were drawn from a population-based cohort of routinely collected antenatal healthcare records (2003-2014) linked to measured child body mass index (BMI) age 4-5 years.

Daily steps are a predictor of, but perhaps not a modifiable risk factor for Parkinson's Disease: findings from the UK Biobank.

Importance: Higher physical activity levels have been suggested as a potential modifiable risk factor for lowering the risk of incident Parkinson's disease (PD). This study uses objective measures of physical activity to investigate the role of reverse causation in the observed association.

Objective: To investigate the association between accelerometer-derived daily step count and incident PD, and to assess the impact of reverse causation on this association.

Genomic epidemiology describes introduction and outbreaks of antifungal drug-resistant .

is a globally emerged fungal pathogen causing nosocomial invasive infections. Here, we use cutting-edge genomic approaches to elucidate the temporal and geographic epidemiology of drug-resistant within the UK. We analysed a representative sample of over 200 isolates from multiple UK hospitals to assess the number and timings of introductions and infer subsequent patterns of inter- and intra-hospital transmission of azole drug-resistant isolates.

Prognostic factors for worsening and improvement in multiple sclerosis using a multistate model.

Background: The long-term disease trajectory of people living with multiple sclerosis (MS) can be improved by initiating efficacious treatment early. More quantitative evidence is needed on factors that affect a patient's risk of disability worsening or possibility of improvement to inform timely treatment decisions.

Methods: We developed a multistate model to quantify the influence of demographic, clinical, and imaging factors on disability worsening and disability improvement simultaneously across the disability spectrum as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).

Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Temporal Trends in Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Causing Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections in Central Vietnam.

(1) Background: Pediatric urinary tract infections (UTIs) pose significant challenges due to drug-resistant () strains. This study utilizes whole-genome sequencing to analyze temporal trends in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in clinical isolates from pediatric UTI cases in central Vietnam. (2) Methods: We conducted whole-genome sequencing on 71 isolates collected from pediatric UTI patients between 2018 and 2020.

Climate change impacts on livestock in Brazil.

Brazilian livestock provides a significant fraction of the food consumed globally, making the country one of the largest producers and exporters of meat, milk and eggs. However, current advances in the production of protein from Brazilian animal origin may be directly impacted by climate change and the resulting biophysical effects. Therefore, it is strategically consistent to develop measures to deal with the resulting environmental heat stress on domesticated animal species, especially the need in developing countries.

Multi-output prediction of dose-response curves enables drug repositioning and biomarker discovery.

Drug response prediction is hampered by uncertainty in the measures of response and selection of doses. In this study, we propose a probabilistic multi-output model to simultaneously predict all dose-responses and uncover their biomarkers. By describing the relationship between genomic features and chemical properties to every response at every dose, our multi-output Gaussian Process (MOGP) models enable assessment of drug efficacy using any dose-response metric.

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis - update from 2017 to 2023.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health concern. A previous systematic review showed that migrants in Europe are at increased risk of AMR. Since the COVID-19 pandemic there have been rapid changes in patterns of antibiotic use, AMR, and migration.

Machine learning to attribute the source of Campylobacter infections in the United States: A retrospective analysis of national surveillance data.

Objectives: Integrating pathogen genomic surveillance with bioinformatics can enhance public health responses by identifying risk and guiding interventions. This study focusses on the two predominant Campylobacter species, which are commonly found in the gut of birds and mammals and often infect humans via contaminated food. Rising incidence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a global concern, and there is an urgent need to quantify the main routes to human infection.

Noncoding variants are a rare cause of recessive developmental disorders in trans with coding variants.

Purpose: Identifying pathogenic noncoding variants is challenging. A single protein-altering variant is often identified in a recessive gene in individuals with developmental disorders (DD), but the prevalence of pathogenic noncoding "second hits" in trans with these is unknown.

Methods: In 4073 genetically undiagnosed rare-disease trio probands from the 100,000 Genomes project, we identified rare heterozygous protein-altering variants in recessive DD-associated genes.

Reporting checklists in neuroimaging: promoting transparency, replicability, and reproducibility.

Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in understanding brain structure and function, but the lack of transparency, reproducibility, and reliability of findings is a significant obstacle for the field. To address these challenges, there are ongoing efforts to develop reporting checklists for neuroimaging studies to improve the reporting of fundamental aspects of study design and execution. In this review, we first define what we mean by a neuroimaging reporting checklist and then discuss how a reporting checklist can be developed and implemented.

Enhancing clinical and public health interpretation of accelerometer-assessed physical activity with age-referenced values based on UK Biobank data.

Background: Higher accelerometer-assessed volume and intensity of physical activity (PA) have been associated with a longer life expectancy but can be difficult to translate into recommended doses of PA. We aimed to: (a) improve interpretability by producing UK Biobank age-referenced centiles for PA volume and intensity; (b) inform public-health messaging by examining how adding recommended quantities of moderate and vigorous PA affect PA volume and intensity.

Methods: 92,480 UK Biobank participants aged 43-80 years with wrist-worn accelerometer data were included.

PanKA: Leveraging population pangenome to predict antibiotic resistance.

Machine learning has the potential to be a powerful tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a critical global health issue. Machine learning can identify resistance mechanisms from DNA sequence data without prior knowledge. The first step in building a machine learning model is a feature extraction from sequencing data.

Analysis of the senescence-associated cell surfaceome reveals potential senotherapeutic targets.

The accumulation of senescent cells is thought to play a crucial role in aging-associated physiological decline and the pathogenesis of various age-related pathologies. Targeting senescence-associated cell surface molecules through immunotherapy emerges as a promising avenue for the selective removal of these cells. Despite its potential, a thorough characterization of senescence-specific surface proteins remains to be achieved.

The PS4-likelihood ratio calculator: flexible allocation of evidence weighting for case-control data in variant classification.

Background: The 2015 American College of Medical Genetics/Association of Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) variant classification framework specifies that case-control observations can be scored as 'strong' evidence (PS4) towards pathogenicity.

Methods: We developed the PS4-likelihood ratio calculator (PS4-LRCalc) for quantitative evidence assignment based on the observed variant frequencies in cases and controls. Binomial likelihoods are computed for two models, each defined by prespecified OR thresholds.

Relative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Prespecified Analysis of the DANFLU-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Influenza vaccination reduces the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to evaluate whether the presence of CVD modified the relative effectiveness of the high-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV-HD) versus standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV-SD) in this prespecified analysis of the DANFLU-1 trial (Feasibility of Randomizing Danish Citizens Aged 65-79 Years to High-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Versus Standard-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in a Pragmatic Registry-Based Setting).

Methods: DANFLU-1 was a pragmatic, open-label, randomized feasibility trial of QIV-HD versus QIV-SD in adults aged 65 to 79 years during the 2021/2022 influenza season in Denmark.

The variation in post-endoscopy upper gastrointestinal cancer rates among endoscopy providers in England and associated factors: a population-based study.

Background: Post-endoscopy upper gastrointestinal cancer (PEUGIC) is an important key performance indicator for endoscopy quality. We examined variation in PEUGIC rates among endoscopy providers in England and explored associated factors.

Methods: The was a population-based, retrospective, case-control study, examining data from National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service and Hospital Episode Statistics databases for esophageal and gastric cancers diagnosed between 2009 and 2018 in England.