Promising application of microalgal-bacterial granular sludge for 17α-ethinylestradiol removal: Effective transformation and detoxification.

Bioresour Technol

Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.

Published: September 2025


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Article Abstract

Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) efficiently removes conventional contaminants, but its potential for estrogen transformation and detoxification remains unclear, which is a concerning topic for biological wastewater treatment of endocrine-disrupting contaminants. This study comprehensively investigated the fate, transformation, and detoxification of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in MBGS. Results demonstrated that MBGS showed superior performance to standalone Chlorella vulgaris and aerobic granular sludge, achieving 80.5% EE2 removal and 76.3% estrogenicity reduction. MBGS maintained robust performance and structural stability under various conditions. The primary EE2 removal pathways were biodegradation (58.2%) and photodegradation (30.5%). By leveraging both pathways, MBGS transformed photodegraded transformation products (TPs) into less estrogenic sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, resulting in a TP profile with significantly reduced endocrine, bioaccumulation, and developmental toxicity potentials. Therefore, MBGS represents a robust and sustainable solution for treating estrogenic wastewater, leveraging bacterial-algal synergy to eliminate both parent compound and the ecological risks from its TPs.

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2025.133265DOI Listing

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