Comprehensive genetic dissection of yield-related traits utilizing quantitative trait loci sequencing approach in mungbean.

Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek] has gained significant popularity in the food industry, due to its distinctive functional properties and exceptional nutritional value. Increasing yield is a central objective in mungbean breeding programs; however, systematic studies identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with key yield-related traits remain limited. In this study, the recombinant inbred line (RIL) population (AH20 × SX36) was generated, and phenotypic assessments were conducted in three distinct environments. Three methods genome-wide composite interval mapping (GCIM), multiple QTL mapping (MQM) and inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) were employed to detect QTLs linked to HSW (hundred-seed weight), SPP (number of seeds per pod), PL (pod length), PW (pod width), and YP (yield per plant). Consequently, 33, 19, 26, 22, and 20 QTLs were identified for HSW, SPP, PL, PW, and YP, respectively. Notably, 10 QTLs were consistently detected across all environments and by all three mapping methods, indicating their robustness and potential for breeding applications. Candidate genes associated with these stable QTLs were also predicted, offering insights into the genetic regulation of yield traits. These findings provide a valuable genetic framework for functional validation and the cultivation of high-yielding mungbean germplasm.