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Virtual walking has the potential to be an adjunct to traditional physical therapy. This scoping review aims to synthesize evidence on the characteristics, effectiveness, feasibility, and neurological mechanism of virtual walking interventions on health-related outcomes. Articles in English were retrieved from twelve databases (January 2014-October 2024). Thirteen interventional studies were included, focusing on three types of virtual walking: passive observing moving (71.4%), arm swing locomotion (21.5%), and foot tracking locomotion (7.1%). Most studies (84.6%) involved individuals with spinal cord injuries, while the remaining studies focused on lower back pain (7.7%) and lower limb pain (7.7%). Over 70% of studies lasted 11-20 min, 1-5 weekly sessions for 10-14 days. Statistically significant findings included pain reduction (84.6%), improved physical function (mobility and muscle strength), and reduced depression. Mild adverse effects (fatigue and dizziness) were transient. Neurological evidence indicates somatosensory cortex activation during virtual walking, possibly linked to neuropathic pain.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01609-y | DOI Listing |
Eur Spine J
September 2025
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine through a Delphi process a list of outcomes measures for clinicians to use when assessing individuals with Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS).
Methods: A three-phase Delphi process was conducted by the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine (ISSLS) Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Taskforce, including two online surveys, two virtual meetings, and three in-person consensus meetings at the ISSLS annual conferences (2023-2025). Participants evaluated and ranked outcome measures for LSS, with final endorsement requiring > 66% agreement.
Gait Posture
August 2025
Department of Kinesiology, Sport, and Hospitality Management, College of Education and Human Development, George Mason University, 10890 George Mason Circle, Katherine Johnson Hall, 201G 4E5, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Introduction: Both fall-related anxiety and cognitive demands affect balance and gait without additional motor complexity. High elevation settings in virtual reality elicit 'stiffening of posture' (i.e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Psychiatry
August 2025
Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by social deficits and restricted, repetitive behaviors, with fewer than 10% achieving independent adulthood. Immersive virtual reality (IVR) provides a novel training approach through interactive and realistic environments. This study developed an IVR system to enhance adaptive skills in children and adolescents with high-functioning ASD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng
September 2025
Spatial navigation has been used as a behavioral marker of cognitive impairments. Floor Maze Tests (FMT) are used to characterize navigation where subjects physically move through a two-dimensional maze drawn on the floor. A Virtual Reality version of FMT (VR-FMT) has been developed, which provides a 3-dimensional navigation environment where the height of the maze walls can be altered.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNiger J Clin Pract
August 2025
Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Background: Walking, important for cardiovascular health and autonomic regulation, is often done on a treadmill.
Aim: This study compared the physiological responses of treadmill and virtual reality walking, focusing on their effects on the autonomic nervous system, recovery, and perceived exertion.
Methods: This study included 40 sedentary participants, assigned to a treadmill group (TG) or a virtual reality group (VRG).