Design and validation of novel brain-penetrant HCN channel inhibitors to ameliorate social stress-induced susceptible phenotype.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a devastating, multifactorial disease with limited pharmacological treatment options. Patients with MDD exhibit alterations in their dopamine (DA) signaling pathways through the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA). A similar observation is also detected in preclinical models of stress - mice exhibit behavioral and physiological impairments following chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Prior studies demonstrate that CSDS-susceptible mice have increased VTA DA neuronal excitability, in part driven by an upregulation in hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. Inhibiting HCN channels with known inhibitors such as Cilobradine alleviates the negative behavioral effects of CSDS. Here, we aimed to identify Cilobradine analogs with improved neural tropism and inhibitory efficacy. Two compounds, MS7710 and MS7712, differing by their left-hand side moieties, have a similar, potent inhibitory effect on VTA DA I currents as compared to Cilobradine, and a greater inhibitory effect than Cilobradine on VTA DA firing rate. We demonstrate that MS7710 and MS7712 have superior brain/plasma concentration ratios as compared to Cilobradine. They were efficacious at inhibiting VTA DA neuron firing rate and bursting activity in CSDS-susceptible male mice at lower doses than Cilobradine, which was recapitulated in female CSDS-susceptible mice with MS7710. Finally, we define that a single intraperitoneal injection of MS7710 ameliorates CSDS-induced social interaction deficits and reward-associated cognitive inflexibility for at least two weeks in male and female mice. These findings yield a novel HCN channel inhibitor with improved neural tropism and stress-alleviating effects that could provide a basis for future antidepressant drug discovery.