Gender-specific effects of prenatal polystyrene nanoparticle exposure on offspring lung development.

Nanoplastics are widely present in the environment. Exposure to environmental pollutants during pregnancy can have adverse effects on fetal development and health. Establishing a link between nanoplastics and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) requires further investigation. In this study, we examined the impact of prenatal exposure to 80 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-NPs) on offspring lung development, taking into account potential gender-specific effects. Pregnant female mice were exposed to PS-NPs through oropharyngeal aspiration, and critical data on lung development were collected at postnatal days 1, 7, and 21. We found that exposure to PS-NPs reduced birth weight in female offspring and significantly increased lung weight in both male and female offspring by PND 21. Maternal exposure led to a reduction in alveolar numbers across offspring, with distinct underlying mechanisms observed between sexes. In female offspring, the reduction in alveolar numbers was linked to disrupted surfactant protein expression, significant inflammation, and increased apoptosis and fibrosis. In male offspring, impaired angiogenesis was the primary factor contributing to the increased risk of BPD. The impact on alveolar development was substantial in both genders. This study underscores the gender-specific impacts of prenatal nanoplastic exposure on lung development and offers new evidence and direction for future research on the cross-generational respiratory toxicity of PS-NPs.