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Article Abstract
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) frequently triggers nitrous oxide (NO) emissions from paddy fields, while the inhibitory effect of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on NO under various water managements remains uncertain. Here, we evaluated the effects of DMPP on NO emissions and associated biological indicators under three water managements: continuous flooding (CF), mild AWD (Mi-AWD), and moderate AWD (Mo-AWD). The Mi-AWD and Mo-AWD practices increased NO emissions by 2- and 0.9-fold compared to the CF treatment, respectively, due to enhanced oxygen availability, facilitating coupled nitrification-denitrification. DMPP application notably reduced NO emissions in the AWD treatments, attributed to the reductions in nitrifier abundances, nitrification rates, and nitrate accumulation. Nevertheless, DMPP failed to suppress nitrification and, thereby, NO emissions in the CF treatment. Overall, DMPP effectively mitigates NO emissions under oxygen-rich AWD rather than anaerobic CF conditions, highlighting that the trade-offs between water-saving irrigation and NO mitigation can be overcome via nitrification inhibitors application.
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