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Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and challenging type of cancer, characterized by the absence of specific receptors targeted by current therapies, which limits effective targeted treatment options. TNBC has a high risk of recurrence and distant metastasis, resulting in lower survival rates. Additionally, TNBC exhibits significant heterogeneity at histopathological, proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic levels, further complicating the development of effective treatments. While some TNBC subtypes may initially respond to chemotherapy, resistance frequently develops, increasing the risk of aggressive recurrence. Therefore, precisely classifying and characterizing the distinct features of TNBC subtypes is crucial for identifying the most suitable molecular-based therapies for individual patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of these subtypes, highlighting their unique profiles as defined by various classification systems. We also address the limitations of conventional therapeutic approaches and explore innovative biological strategies, all aimed at advancing the development of targeted and effective therapeutic strategies for TNBC.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13578-025-01359-0 | DOI Listing |
J Med Chem
September 2025
Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule in oncology, influencing tumor progression, apoptosis, and immune responses. In contrast, chlorambucil (Cbl), a DNA-alkylating chemotherapeutic, induces cytotoxicity through DNA damage. Here, we report a photoresponsive nanoparticle platform for sequential codelivery of NO and Cbl, where NO is released within 10 min of irradiation, followed by Cbl release within 30 min.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBreast Cancer Res Treat
September 2025
Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC, USA.
Purpose: Limited data is available assessing sequencing of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) in patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR +), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-negative, HER2-low, and triple-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC), including patients with brain metastases (BrM) or leptomeningeal disease (LMD). This study assesses the efficacy and safety of sequential sacituzumab govitecan (SG) and trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in MBC and impact on chemotherapy (CTX).
Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective, cohort study in adult patients with HR + , HER2-negative, or low MBC who received T-DXd and/or SG.
Oncogene
September 2025
Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
Cholesterol biosynthesis is more activated in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) than in other subtype breast cancer and plays essential role in facilitating TNBC. However, the regulatory network and how cholesterol biosynthesis contribute to TNBC development and progression are not well elucidated. Here, we found that reticulum membrane protein complex 2 (EMC2) is highly expressed in TNBC and predicts short survival of patients.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethods Cell Biol
September 2025
LR18ES03 Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. Electronic address:
Breast cancer (BC) represents a major socio-economic challenge worldwide due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite various therapeutic strategies, the heterogeneity of breast cancer and the resistance of tumour cells often lead to treatment failure. Consequently, the use of animal models of BC is crucial for understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the different stages of carcinogenesis and for screening new drugs to assess their efficacy, potential safety and side effects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Signal
September 2025
School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, People's Republic of China.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a formidable therapeutic challenge due to its aggressive behavior, molecular heterogeneity, and lack of actionable targets. This study identifies activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) as a pivotal epigenetic driver reprogramming the tumor microenvironment (TME) via non-canonical regulation of NOTCH signaling. Mechanistically, AID recruits histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) to form a chromatin-remodeling complex that binds the JAG1 promoter region (-1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDF