Characterization, surface deformation analysis and sources of small plastic fragments collected in diverse environments of Egypt.

This study investigates the sources and morphological characteristics of plastic waste across diverse Egyptian environments-marine (Mediterranean and Red Seas), freshwater (River Nile), and terrestrial (urban streets). Predominant plastics found in various marine areas include polyethylene and polypropylene, originating from both maritime and urban sources. In the Mediterranean, these plastics show higher levels of UV-induced degradation, resulting in fragments measuring 18-22 mm in size and 1-1.2 mm in thickness. The River Nile exhibits polystyrene fragments, with average sizes of 20-26 mm and thicknesses of 0.7-0.9 mm influenced by urban and agricultural runoff. Urban streets display a mix (polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene), with thicker fragments (averaging 1.8 mm) due to mechanical wear and pollution. Analysis shows varying surface loss: Mediterranean (29 %), Red Sea (20-23 %), freshwater (18 %), and urban streets (up to 30 %), indicate differential degradation influenced by environmental conditions and human activities. These findings underscore the need for targeted policies to mitigate plastic pollution across Egypt's landscapes, crucial for global conservation efforts.