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Bone defect disease seriously endangers human health and affects beauty and function. In the past five years, the three dimension (3D) printed radially graded triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) porous scaffold has become a new solution for repairing bone defects. This review discusses 3D printing technologies and applications for TPMS scaffolds. To this end, the microstructural effects of 3D printed TPMS scaffolds on bone regeneration were reviewed and the structural characteristics of TPMS, which can promote bone regeneration, were introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects of using TPMS scaffolds to treat bone defects were presented. This review is expected to stimulate the interest of bone tissue engineers in radially graded TPMS scaffolds and provide a reliable solution for the clinical treatment of personalised bone defects.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11283664 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20417314241263689 | DOI Listing |
Biotechnol Prog
August 2025
Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds are gaining attention in tissue engineering due to their continuous and interconnected porous architecture. In this study, three TPMS geometries-Gyroid, Diamond, and I-WP-were fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA) using fused deposition modeling (FDM), with all scaffolds designed to maintain the same overall porosity. Scaffold characterization included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), compressive mechanical testing, and surface wettability analysis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomater Adv
December 2025
College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Special Purpose Equipment and Advanced Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China; Zh
Bone scaffolds for the repair of large-segment bone defects require a balance between mechanical stability and nutrient transport. This study proposes gradient Schwarz Primitive minimal surface scaffolds (P-TPMS) integrated with thin-board (B) structures, fabricated via selective laser melting (SLM). Finite element analysis (FEA) revealed that the gradient design reduced stress concentrations, achieving a layer-by-layer collapse failure mode under compression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Inst Mech Eng H
July 2025
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
Scaffolds developed from Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) structures effectively mimic the geometric, mechanical, and fluid transport characteristics of human bones. These porous architectures facilitate fluid flow and augment bone cell adhesion and proliferation through their substantial surface area. In this study, the potential of network solid and sheet solid TPMS scaffolds with the same Schwarz Primitive architecture was compared for bone regeneration.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Mater Sci Mater Med
June 2025
Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.
Ceramic stereolithography scaffolds with designs based on triple periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) were developed for potential applications in bone tissue regeneration. An acrylic-based resin with calcium phosphate nanoparticles were used. Particles were synthesized via Combustion in solution, resulting in hydroxyapatite and β-TCP phases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiomater Adv
December 2025
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India. Electronic address:
Bone repair and tissue engineering require biomaterials that offer both mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Titanium is renowned for its mechanical durability but has limited bioactivity, whereas magnesium offers high bioactivity but degrades too quickly. This study develops a novel hybrid scaffold using fused filament fabrication (FFF) to combine polylactic acid (PLA) with magnesium titanate (MgTiO).
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