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Stretchable and wearable sensor technology has attracted significant interests and created high technological impact on portable healthcare and smart human-machine interfaces. Wearable electromechanical systems are an important part of this technology that has recently witnessed tremendous progress toward high-performance devices for commercialization. Over the past few years, great attention has been paid to simultaneously enhance the sensitivity and stretchability of the electromechanical sensors toward high sensitivity, ultra-stretchability, low power consumption or self-power functionalities, miniaturisation as well as simplicity in design and fabrication. This work presents state-of-the-art advanced materials and rational designs of electromechanical sensors for wearable applications. Advances in various sensing concepts and structural designs for intrinsic stretchable conductive materials as well as advanced rational platforms are discussed. In addition, the practical applications and challenges in the development of stretchable electromechanical sensors are briefly mentioned and highlighted.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201905707 | DOI Listing |
Mater Horiz
September 2025
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
Bismuth-layered structure ferroelectrics (BLSFs), exemplified by CaBiTaO (CBTa), exhibit exceptional thermal stability at high temperatures with a high Curie temperature. This attribute renders them highly promising candidates for piezoelectric sensors, transducers, non-volatile ferroelectric memory, working in extreme environments. However, CBTa ceramic suffers from the following intrinsic limitations: spontaneous polarization confined within the -plane of the unit cell and a large coercive field, leading to severely suppressed piezoelectric activity ( ≈ 5.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Adv
August 2025
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Liquid metal-based stretchable electronics offer high electrical performance and seamless integration with deformable systems but face challenges in achieving scalable, high-resolution patterning. In this work, we present a method for micropatterning liquid metal particle (LMP) films with feature sizes as small as 5 micrometers by integrating electrostatically enabled colloidal self-assembly and microtransfer printing. The resulting cold-welded LMP micropatterns exhibit exceptional electromechanical properties, high conductivity (2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMicromachines (Basel)
July 2025
Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
This work presents an innovative hydrothermal approach for fabricating flexible piezoelectric PZT thin films on 20 μm titanium foil substrates using TiO and SrTiO (STO) interlayers. Three heterostructures (Ti/PZT, Ti/TiO/PZT, and Ti/TiO/STO/PZT) were synthesized to enable low-temperature growth and improve ferroelectric performance for advanced flexible MEMS. Characterizations including XRD, PFM, and P-E loop analysis evaluated crystallinity, piezoelectric coefficient d, and polarization behavior.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSensors (Basel)
August 2025
School of Measurement and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
To address the collaborative demand for low-frequency vibration control and energy recovery, this paper proposes a dual-functional structure integrating low-frequency vibration isolation and broadband energy harvesting. The structure consists of two core components: one is a quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolation module composed of a linkage-horizontal spring (negative stiffness) and a vertical spring; the other is an energy-harvesting component with an array of parameter-differentiated piezoelectric cantilever beams. Aiming at the conflict between the structural dynamic stiffness approaching zero and broadening the effective working range, this paper establishes a dual-objective optimization function based on the Pareto principle on the basis of static analysis and uses the grid search method combined with actual working conditions to determine the optimal parameter combination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSensors (Basel)
August 2025
Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
Flexible hydrogel sensors demonstrate emerging applications, such as wearable electronics, soft robots, and humidity smart devices, but their further application is limited due to their single-responsive behavior and unstable, low-sensitivity signal output. This study develops a dual-responsive starch-based conductive hydrogel via a facile "one-pot" strategy, achieving mechanically robust pressure sensing and ultra-sensitive humidity detection. The starch-Poly (2,3-dihydrothieno-1,4-dioxin)-poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)-glutaraldehyde (SPG) hydrogel integrates physical entanglement and covalent crosslinking to form a porous dual-network architecture, exhibiting high compressive fracture stress (266 kPa), and stable electromechanical sensitivity (ΔI/I, ~2.
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