Performance of GPT-4 for automated prostate biopsy decision-making based on mpMRI: a multi-center evidence study.

Background: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) has significantly advanced prostate cancer (PCa) detection, yet decisions on invasive biopsy with moderate prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) scores remain ambiguous.

Methods: To explore the decision-making capacity of Generative Pretrained Transformer-4 (GPT-4) for automated prostate biopsy recommendations, we included 2299 individuals who underwent prostate biopsy from 2018 to 2023 in 3 large medical centers, with available mpMRI before biopsy and documented clinical-histopathological records. GPT-4 generated structured reports with given prompts.

Near-Infrared-Light-Induced Iron(I) Dimer Enabled Abstraction of Ester Group from Cycloketone Oxime Esters.

Photoinduced dimeric metal complexes have been extensively utilized in halogen atom transfer (XAT) reactions. In this study, we successfully achieved the abstraction of ester group from cyclobutanone oxime esters via iron(I)-dimer catalysis under near-infrared (NIR) light (730 nm) excitation, enabling the efficient synthesis of cyanoalkylated alkenes, quinazolinones, and 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles. Mechanistic investigations confirmed the NIR-induced functional group abstraction process.

Atroposelective Construction of C─B Axial Chirality via N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

C─B axially chiral architectures are valuable in materials science and medicinal chemistry, but their enantioselective synthesis remains a challenge. Herein, we report an efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of C─B axially chiral 1,2-azaborines through N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed dynamic kinetic resolution. The treatment of racemic 1,2-azaborine-based arylaldehyde with a chiral N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst under oxidative conditions in the presence of an alcohol leads to atroposelective esterification with up to 97% yield and 98% ee.

Enantioselective Acylation of Benzylic C(sp)-H Bond Enabled by a Cooperative Photoredox and N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis.

Organocatalyzed direct and asymmetric functionalization of benzylic C(sp)─H bond is attractive yet challenging. Herein, we report the enantioselective acylation of benzylic C(sp)─H bond via a cooperative photoredox and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis, affording the corresponding chiral α-aryl ketones in moderate to good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99:1 er). The rational design of novel NHCs guided by the initial evaluation of available catalysts and their application promotes the asymmetric transformation.

DFT mechanistic insights into the formation of the metal-dioxygen complex [Co(12-TMC)O] using HO as an [O] unit source.

The reaction of [M(L)] with HO as an [O] unit source and NEt as a base is a widely used biomimetic transition metal-peroxo and -superoxo complex [M(L)O] synthesis method, but the mechanism and accurate stoichiometry of the synthesis remain elusive. In this study, we performed DFT calculations to deeply understand the mechanism, using the synthesis of the cobalt-peroxo complex [Co(12-TMC)O] (12-TMC = (1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane)) from the reaction of [Co(12-TMC)] and HO in the presence of NEt as an example. The study found that cobalt-peroxo complex formation proceeds three stages: (Stage I) the conversion of [Co(12-TMC)] and HO to [Co(12-TMC)OH] and OOH˙ radical, (Stage II) the coordination of OOH˙ to [Co(12-TMC)] to give [Co(12-TMC)OOH], followed by deprotonation with NEt, affording [Co(12-TMC)O], and (Stage III) the transformation of [Co(12-TMC)OH] which is generated in Stage I to [Co(12-TMC)O].

Radical Replacement Process for Ligated Boryl Radical-Mediated Activation of Unactivated Alkyl Chlorides for C(sp)-C(sp) Bond Formation.

The ligated boryl radical (LBR) has emerged as a potent tool for activating alkyl halides in radical transformations through halogen-atom transfer (XAT). However, unactivated alkyl chlorides still present an open challenge for this strategy. We herein describe a new activation mode of the LBR for the activation of unactivated alkyl chlorides to construct a C(sp)-C(sp) bond.

Near-Infrared-Light-Induced Iron(I) Dimer-Enabled Radical Cascade Reactions of Fluoroalkyl Bromides for the Synthesis of Ring-Fused Quinazolinones.

The use of an earth-abundant and inexpensive iron complex as a catalyst, coupled with near-infrared (NIR) light as the energy source, for radical reactions with alkyl halides has been far less developed. In this study, we report NIR light-mediated iron(I) dimer-catalyzed radical cascade reactions of fluoroalkyl bromides for the synthesis of ring-fused quinazolinones bearing a difluoromethyl group. In this process, the 3-bromo-1,10-phenanthroline ligand facilitates the reactivity of [CpFe(CO)], thereby improving the efficiency of the reaction.

Photoinduced Single Electron Reduction of the 4-O-5 Linkage in Lignin Models for C-P Coupling Catalyzed by Bifunctional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes.

Catalytic activation of C-O bonds is considered as a powerful strategy for the production of aromatics from lignin. However, due to the high reduction potentials of diaryl ether 4-O-5 linkage models, their single electron reduction remains a daunting challenge. This study presents the blue light-induced bifunctional N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed one-electron reduction of diaryl ether 4-O-5 linkage models for the synthesis of trivalent phosphines.

STAT5 phosphorylation plus minimal residual disease defines a novel risk classification in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

The dysregulation of the Janus family tyrosine kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) is closely related to acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), whereas the clinical value of phosphorylated STAT5 (pSTAT5) remains elusive. Herein we performed a prospective study on clinical significance of flow cytometry-based pSTAT5 in adult B-ALL patients. A total of 184 patients were enrolled in the Precision-Classification-Directed-Target-Total-Therapy (PDT)-ALL-2016 cohort between January 2018 and December 2021, and STAT5 phosphorylation was detected by flow cytometry at diagnosis.

UV-Transparent SHG Material Explored in an Alkali Metal Sulfate Selenite System.

The first examples of alkali metal selenite sulfates, namely, Na(SeO)(SO) (1), Na(HSeO)(SO) (2), and K(HSeO)(HSO)(SO) (3), were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal reactions. Their structures display three different zero-dimensional configurations composed of isolated sulfate tetrahedra and selenite groups separated by alkali metals. Na(SeO)(SO) (1) features a noncentrosymmetric structure, while Na(HSeO)(SO) (2) and K(HSeO)(HSO)(SO) (3) are centrosymmetric.

Achieving Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive C(sp)-B Coupling of Bromoboranes via Reversing the Activation Sequence.

Transition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-couplings to build C-C/Si bonds have been developed, but the reductive cross-coupling to create the C(sp)-B bond has not been explored. Herein, we describe a nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling between aryl halides and bromoboranes to construct a C(sp)-B bond. This protocol offers a convenient approach for the synthesis of a wide range of aryl boronate esters, using readily available starting materials.

General room-temperature Suzuki-Miyaura polymerization for organic electronics.

π-Conjugated polymers (CPs) have broad applications in high-performance optoelectronics, energy storage, sensors and biomedicine. However, developing green and efficient methods to precisely synthesize alternating CP structures on a large scale remains challenging and critical for their industrialization. Here a room-temperature, scalable and homogeneous Suzuki-Miyaura-type polymerization reaction is developed with broad generality validated for 24 CPs including donor-donor, donor-acceptor and acceptor-acceptor connectivities, yielding device-quality polymers with high molecular masses.

An Efficient C-Si/C-H Cross-Coupling Reaction Enabled by a Radical Pathway.

The methods for the cross-coupling of aryl(trialkyl)silanes are long-standing challenges due to the extreme inertness of C-Si(R) bond, though the reaction is environmentally friendly and highly regioselective to synthesize biaryls. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl(trialkyl)silanes and aryl via a radical mechanism. The reaction proceeds efficiently with aryl sulfonium salts as limiting reagents, exhibits broad substrate scope, and provides an important synthetic strategy to acquire biaryls, exemplified by unsymmetrical fluorescence probes and late-stage functionalization of drugs.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Diaryl Ethers via NHC Catalyzed Desymmetrization and Following Resolution.

Axially chiral diaryl ethers are present in numerous natural products and bioactive molecules. However, only few catalytic enantioselective approaches have been established to access diaryl ether atropisomers. Herein, we report the N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral diaryl ethers via desymmetrization of prochiral 2-aryloxyisophthalaldehydes with aliphatic alcohols, phenol derivatives, and heteroaromatic amines.

Cross-Electrophile C-P Coupling of Chlorophosphines with Organic Halides: Photoinduced P and Aminoalkyl Radical Generation Enabled by Pnictogen Bonding.

Pnictogen bonding (PnB) has gained recognition as an appealing strategy for constructing novel architectures and unlocking new properties. Within the synthetic community, the development of a straightforward and much simpler protocol for cross-electrophile C-P coupling remains an ongoing challenge with organic halides. In this study, we present a simple strategy for photoinduced PnB-enabled cross-electrophile C-P couplings using readily available chlorophosphines and organic halides via merging single electron transfer (SET) and halogen atom transfer (XAT) processes.

N-Heterocyclic Nitrenium-Catalyzed Photohomolysis of CFSOCl for Alkene Trifluoromethylation.

N-Heterocyclic nitreniums (NHNs) have been utilized as Lewis acid catalysts to activate substrates with lone pairs. Alternative to their conventional applications, we have discovered that NHNs can also serve as charge transfer complex catalysts. Herein, we present another potential of NHNs by utilizing a weak interaction between NHNs and CFSOCl.

An Efficient Direct Arylation Polycondensation via C-S Bond Cleavage.

The direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) has become one of the most important methods to construct conjugated polymers (CPs). However, the homocoupling side-reactions of aryl halides and the low regioseletive reactivities of unfunctionalized aryls hinder the development of DArP. Here, an efficient Pd and Cu co-catalyzed DArP was developed via inert C-S bond cleavage of aryl thioethers, of which robustness was exemplified by over twenty conjugated polymers (CPs), including copolymers, homopolymers, and random polymers.

Visible-Light-Induced Photoreduction of Carborane Phosphonium Salts: Efficient Synthesis of Carborane-Oxindole-Pharmaceutical Hybrids.

Visible-light-induced photoreaction of carboranes is an effective approach to prepare carborane-containing compounds. While several methods involving boron-centered carboranyl radicals have been established, those for carbon-centered carboranyl radicals are underdeveloped, except for the UV-light-promoted photohomolysis. Herein, we describe a simple but effective approach to access carbon-centered carboranyl radicals by photoreduction of carborane phosphonium salts under blue light irradiation without using transition metals and photocatalysts.

Pnictogen bonding enabled photosynthesis of chiral selenium-containing pyridines from pyridylphosphonium salts.

Pyridylphosphonium salts, which are readily available and air and thermally stable, have been used to effectively synthesize structurally diverse pyridines. Herein, we report the pnictogen bonding (PnB) enabled photoactivation of pyridylphosphonium salts with catalytic potassium carbonate to generate pyridyl radical for pyridine synthesis. Remarkably, this light-driven transformation allowed chiral pool synthesis with excellent chirality retention, giving a wide range of chiral selenium-containing pyridines.

gas gangrene caused by closed abdominal injury: A case report and review of the literature.

Background: Abdominal () gas gangrene is a rare infection that has been described in the literature as most frequently occurring in postoperative patients with open trauma. Intra-abdominal gas gangrene caused by infection after closed abdominal injury is extremely rare, difficult to diagnose, and progresses rapidly with high mortality risk. Here, we report a case of infection caused by closed abdominal injury.

Alkyne Insertion Enabled Vinyl to Acyl 1,5-Palladium Migration: Rapid Access to Substituted 5-Membered-Dihydrobenzofurans and Indolines.

"Through space" palladium/hydrogen shift is an efficient strategy to achieve selective functionalization of a specific remote C-H bond. Compared with relatively extensive exploited 1,4-palladium migration process, the relevant 1,5-Pd/H shift was far less investigated. We herein report a novel 1,5-Pd/H shift pattern between a vinyl and an acyl group.

Photoinduced N-Heterocyclic Nitrenium-Catalyzed Single Electron Reduction of Acyl Fluorides for Phenanthridine Synthesis.

Acyl fluorides are versatile reagents in organic synthesis. However, there is no precedent to employ acyl fluorides as acyl radical precursors. We herein report an N-heterocyclic nitrenium iodide salt-catalyzed photoreduction of acyl fluorides to produce acyl radicals, which could react with 2-isocyanobiaryls to afford various carbonyl phenanthridines.

Visible-Light-Induced N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Single Electron Reduction of Mono-Fluoroarenes.

Fluoroarenes are abundant and readily available feedstocks. However, due to the high reduction potentials of mono-fluoroarenes, their photoreduction remains a continuing challenge, motivating the development of efficient activation modes to address this issue. This report presents the blue light-induced N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed single electron reduction of mono-fluoroarenes for biaryl cross-couplings.

Metal-Free Generation of Acyl Radical via Photoinduced Single-Electron Transfer from Lewis Base to Acyl Chloride.

We herein describe a simple approach for generating acyl radical from acyl chloride via photoinduced single-electron transfer. It has been demonstrated that the generated acyl radicals could react with various substrates, including isocyanides, methacrylamides, alkenes, alkynes, and enynes, to afford diverse heterocycles (>10 classes). Mechanistic analyses show that a photoactive charge transfer complex between acyl chloride and a Lewis base additive is involved in enabling the photogeneration of the acyl radical.