African swine fever virus A179L inhibits interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 activation of NF-κB pathway.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) encodes over 150 viral proteins, several of which have roles in evading innate immune responses. Among these, A179L is the only Bcl-2-like protein involved in ASFV-induced apoptosis, but its other functions remain poorly understood. This study found that A179L inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Small Interfering RNAs Targeting VP4, VP3, 2B, or 3A Coding Regions of Enterovirus A71 Inhibit Viral Replication In Vitro.

: Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is considered as the primary causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children, leading to severe neurological complications and contributing to substantial mortalities in recent HFMD outbreaks across Asia. Despite this, there is currently no effective antiviral treatment available for EV-A71. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation that utilizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target and degrade specific RNA sequences.

Critical amino acid residues in human ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding and virus entry.

Unlabelled: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), remains a significant global public health concern due to the continuous emergence and rapid spread of new variants. SARS-CoV-2 utilizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its primary receptor to initiate viral entry into host cells. While ACE2 is highly conserved across different species, genetic variability in the interacting surfaces between ACE2 orthologs and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein can modulate viral binding affinity and entry efficiency.

Characterization of biosecurity practices and viral infections on pig farms in Hong Kong.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the biosecurity practices implemented on pig farms in Hong Kong and determine the between-farm prevalence of economically important viral pathogens. All active pig farms in Hong Kong (n = 40) were invited to participate in an interview-based survey using a Biocheck-UGent™ questionnaire to evaluate their biosecurity practices. Pen-level oral fluid samples were collected by cotton ropes to detect six target viral pathogens using RT-PCR: porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV-2), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine delta-coronavirus (PDCoV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV).

Pathologic and genomic characterization of an outbreak of anthrax-like disease caused by (formerly atypical ) in red kangaroos ().

Atypical strains (currently classified as ) capable of causing anthrax-like disease in humans and animals have emerged in the last 2 decades. These emerging strains are characterized by the acquisition of virulence plasmids pBCXO1 and pBC210, which are homologous to the pXO1 and pXO2 virulence plasmids of , the agent of anthrax. The aim of this study was to describe the gross, histologic, microbiologic, and molecular features of an outbreak of anthrax-like septicemia caused by in red kangaroos ().

Development and characterization of reverse genetics systems of feline infectious peritonitis virus for antiviral research.

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a lethal, immune-mediated disease in cats caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a biotype of feline coronavirus (FCoV). In contrast to feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), which exclusively infects enterocytes and causes diarrhea, FIPV specifically targets macrophages, resulting in the development of FIP. The transmission and infection mechanisms of this complex, invariably fatal disease remain unclear, with no effective vaccines or approved drugs for its prevention or control.

Coding-complete genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Coxsackievirus B3 isolated from South Korea.

Whole-genome sequencing of a Coxsackievirus B3 strain isolated from the stool of a febrile patient with aseptic meningoencephalitis, South Korea, in 2002 was performed. This strain exhibits a high nucleotide sequence identity with various strains circulating in China from 2001 to 2019.

Detection of a reassortant swine H1N2 influenza A virus from pigs in Hong Kong.

• Full-length genome sequences of reassortant swine influenza A(H1N2) virus from domestic pigs in Hong Kong SAR. • These swine influenza A(H1N2) viruses are closely related with those circulating in Taiwan. • Swine influenza A(H1N2) viruses possess potential risk of pig-to-human transmission.

mA modification associated with YTHDF1 is involved in Japanese encephalitis virus infection.

N6-methyladenosine (mA), the most common modification in mammalian mRNA and viral RNA, regulates mRNA structure, stability, translation, and nuclear export. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing severe neurologic disease in humans. To date, the role of mA modification in JEV infection remains unclear.

Next-generation diagnostic test for dengue virus detection using an ultrafast plasmonic colorimetric RT-PCR strategy.

The current global COVID-19 pandemic once again highlighted the urgent need for a simple, cost-effective, and sensitive diagnostic platform that can be rapidly developed for distribution and easy access in resource-limited areas. Here, we present a simple and low-cost plasmonic photothermal (PPT)-reverse transcription-colorimetric polymerase chain reaction (RTcPCR) for molecular diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection. The assay can be completed within 54 min with an estimated detection limit of 1.

Investigation of the First African Swine Fever Outbreak in a Domestic Pig Farm in Hong Kong.

In this study, we describe the epidemiological investigation of the first African swine fever (ASF) outbreak in a local domestic pig farm in the New Territories of Hong Kong in 2021. In the outbreak farm, several affected pigs presented clinical and pathological signs consistent with ASF, while the remaining pigs showed nonspecific clinical signs or did not exhibit any clinical signs. The relative low morbidity and mortality of ASF on this farm resulted in delayed detection and implementation of the control response.

Intracellular Vimentin Regulates the Formation of Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication Complex through Interaction with NS5A Protein.

Vimentin (VIM), an indispensable protein, is responsible for the formation of intermediate filament structures within cells and plays a crucial role in viral infections. However, the precise role of VIM in classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection remains unclear. Herein, we systematically investigated the function of VIM in CSFV replication.

Clinical evaluation of the Immulite® 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay for measurement of equine serum insulin.

Introduction: Accurate quantitative analysis of equine insulin in blood samples is critical for assessing hyperinsulinemia in horses. Although there are various laboratory methods for evaluating equine serum insulin, different immunoassays show significant discrepancies between the determined insulin concentrations and are often not comparable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Immulite® 1000 chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) to establish independent laboratory and assay-specific cut values to provide an accurate diagnosis of hyperinsulinemia in horses.

Pathological Features and Genomic Characterization of an subsp. Bearing Unique Virulence-Associated Genes from an Adult Horse with Pleuropneumonia.

subsp. is the etiological agent of sleepy foal disease, an acute form of fatal septicemia in newborn foals. is commonly found in the mucous membranes of healthy horses' respiratory and alimentary tracts and rarely causes disease in adult horses.

Increasing seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in even-toed hoofed mammals (Artiodactyla species) associated with an upsurge of human cases in South Korea.

Objectives: The annual incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) has increased markedly in South Korea since 2010. We hypothesized that this increase was associated with higher frequencies of JE virus in animals.

Methods: We analyzed 5201 serum samples collected from even-toed hoofed mammals (Artiodactyla species) across South Korea from 2008 to 2012 using a stratified two-stage probability approach.

Sphingolipidome of plasma, liver, and adipose tissues and its association with insulin response to oral glucose testing in Icelandic horses.

Insulin dysregulation (ID) is a determinant of equine metabolic syndrome. Among the sphingolipids, ceramides contribute to the development of ID; however, the cross talk between the liver and adipose tissue (AT) depots and the variation among AT depots in terms of ceramide metabolism are not well understood. We aimed to characterize the sphingolipidome of plasma, liver, and AT (nuchal, NUAT; subcutaneous, SCAT; omental, OMAT; retroperitoneal, RPAT) and their associations with insulin response to oral glucose testing (OGT) in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic horses.

Development of a TaqMan Allelic Discrimination qPCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Equine Allelic Variants Associated With the Establishment of Long-Term Equine Arteritis Virus Carrier State in Stallions.

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), a respiratory, systemic, and reproductive disease of equids. Following natural infection, up to 70% of the infected stallions can remain persistently infected over 1 year (long-term persistent infection [LTPI]) and shed EAV in their semen. Thus, the LTP-infected stallions play a pivotal role in maintaining and perpetuating EAV in the equine population.

Cellular ESCRT components are recruited to regulate the endocytic trafficking and RNA replication compartment assembly during classical swine fever virus infection.

As the important molecular machinery for membrane protein sorting in eukaryotic cells, the endosomal sorting and transport complexes (ESCRT-0/I/II/III and VPS4) usually participate in various replication stages of enveloped viruses, such as endocytosis and budding. The main subunit of ESCRT-I, Tsg101, has been previously revealed to play a role in the entry and replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). However, the effect of the whole ESCRT machinery during CSFV infection has not yet been well defined.

Cardiovascular events and safety outcomes associated with remdesivir using a World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database.

On October 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved remdesivir as the first drug for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), increasing remdesivir prescriptions worldwide. However, potential cardiovascular (CV) toxicities associated with remdesivir remain unknown. We aimed to characterize the CV adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with remdesivir using VigiBase, an individual case safety report database of the World Health Organization (WHO).

Curcumin inhibits classical swine fever virus replication by interfering with lipid metabolism.

Although previous reports have shown that Curcumin inhibits many viruses, including some important members of different genera of Flaviviridae family (Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus and hepatitis C virus), the antiviral activity of curcumin against Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), which belongs to Pestivirus genus, is still unclear. In this study, we found that curcumin inhibited CSFV replication in a dose-dependent manner, but had no effect on virus adsorption and entry. Furthermore, the results showed that curcumin inhibited the expression of FASN, one of the key enzymes of fatty acid synthesis pathway, thereby, causing the reduction of the production of LDs upon infection.

Fatty Acid Synthase Is Involved in Classical Swine Fever Virus Replication by Interaction with NS4B.

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), a member of the genus of the family , relies on host machinery to complete its life cycle. Previous studies have shown a close connection between virus infection and fatty acid biosynthesis, mainly regulated by fatty acid synthase (FASN). However, the molecular action of how FASN participates in CSFV replication remains to be elucidated.

Radicicol Inhibits Chikungunya Virus Replication by Targeting Nonstructural Protein 2.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes a debilitating febrile illness characterized by persistent muscle and joint pain. The widespread distribution of transmission-competent vectors, species mosquitoes, indicates the potential risk of large-scale epidemics with high attack rates that can severely impact public health globally. Despite this, currently, there are no antivirals available for the treatment of CHIKV infections.