Acquisition phase-specific contribution of climbing fiber transmission to cerebellum-dependent motor memory in mice.

Climbing fiber (CF) transmission from the inferior olive (IO) triggers complex spikes (Cs) in Purkinje cells (PCs) driven by a burst of calcium spikes. In the context of motor learning, especially the compensatory optic response, CF transmission serves as an instructive signal selectively conveyed to PCs. While the significance of CF input in motor memory formation is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive understanding of its distinct contribution across different temporal windows, spanning from the initial learning phase to the retrieval period, remains incomplete.

Peripheral substance P induces deficits in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory.

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that functions in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Although the peripheral actions of SP in regulating inflammatory responses have been extensively investigated, the effects of elevated peripheral SP on hippocampal functions such as spatial learning and memory remains unclear, even though SP can cross the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we found that male mice subcutaneously injected with SP for 14 days exhibited significant deficits in hippocampus-dependent memory, as assessed by the object place recognition and novel object recognition tests.

Defining safe operational conditions for two-photon imaging with rhodamine B and SYTO 9 dual-staining.

Two-photon microscopy (TPM) frequently employs dual-staining techniques for simultaneous visualization of cellular structure and viability. Despite widespread use, the safety of combining Rhodamine B (RB) and SYTO 9 dyes under 920 nm excitation has not been thoroughly assessed. This study systematically evaluated cytotoxicity, sensitization, and dermal irritation of RB (20 μg/mL) and SYTO 9 (2.

Dynamics of Serum Inflammatory Markers Predict Survival After Definitive Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.

Aim: Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus. This study aimed to investigate whether the changes in serum inflammatory markers between baseline and posttreatment can predict survival in cervical cancer undergoing definitive chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).

Methods: Eighty-one Stage IB-IVA cervical cancer patients treated with definitive CCRT, with serum inflammatory markers obtained at diagnosis and after completion of pre-planned therapy, were included.

Region- and cell type-specific changes in gene expression in the cerebellum after classical fear conditioning.

The cerebellum has recently been recognized for its role in non-motor functions, including classical fear conditioning. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying non-motor learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the transcriptional changes in the cerebellum associated with auditory fear conditioning.

Quantitative dynamics of neural uncertainty in sensory processing and decision-making during discriminative learning.

Uncertainty is crucial in sensory processing, necessitating further quantitative research on its neural representation in the sensory cortex. Here, to address this need, we used a deep learning approach to quantify uncertainties in neural activity from the forelimb area of the primary somatosensory cortex (fS1) during a vibration frequency discrimination task, introducing a transformer model designed to decode neural data not consistently tracked over time. Our model shows that the neural representation of fS1 encodes uncertainties not only from vibratory stimuli but also from decision-making processes, emphasizing its crucial role across various biological contexts.

Evaluation of the Characteristics of Digital Light Processing 3D-Printed Magnesium Calcium Phosphate for Bone Regeneration.

Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, particularly digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing, have enabled the customization of bone substitutes with specific shapes that match bone defect sizes and geometries. Magnesium calcium phosphate (MCP) has gained considerable attention due to its strong mechanical properties, degradability, and ability to promote bone regeneration. In this study, we prepared MCP samples with five different molar ratios via DLP 3D printing.

Increased mGluR5 in somatostatin-positive interneurons mediates deactivation of the mPFC in a mouse model of neuropathic pain.

Understanding the neurobiological alterations associated with neuropathic pain is crucial for treatment interventions, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We focused on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which undergoes various processes of plasticity during the development of neuropathic pain. In particular, in the neuropathic pain state, the pyramidal neuron activity is decreased and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activity is increased in the mPFC.

Effect of atherogenic index of plasma and triglyceride-glucose index on early neurological deterioration of patients with large artery atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.

Background: Stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA-stroke) has a poor early prognosis despite appropriate medical treatment. Recently, various parameters reflecting pathological conditions such as insulin resistance or atherogenic dyslipidemia have been proposed using triglyceride (TG) and other biomarkers. In this study, we evaluated the association between TG andTG-related parameters and early neurological deterioration (END) in patients with acute LAA stroke.

Effect of Axis Change on Shrinkage Rate of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Zirconia Fabricated via Digital Light Processing.

Isotropic shrinkage is critical for producing dimensionally accurate prostheses using zirconia. However, the anisotropic shrinkage of 3D-printed zirconia limits its utility in clinical applications. We aimed to evaluate the impact of specimen axis alterations on the shrinkage of digital light processing (DLP)-printed zirconia.

Comprehensive understanding of context-specific functions of PHF2 in lipid metabolic tissues.

Adipose tissue and the liver are known to regulate lipid metabolism through the storage, synthesis, and breakdown of lipids. However, the shared molecular factors affecting lipid metabolism in both tissues remain unclear. Plant Homeodomain Finger 2 (PHF2), one of the histone lysine demethylase7 family, serves as an epigenetic regulator in adipose tissue and E3 ubiquitin ligase in liver cancer.

Aberrant ERK signaling in astrocytes impairs learning and memory in RASopathy-associated BRAF mutant mouse models.

RAS/MAPK pathway mutations often induce RASopathies with overlapping features, such as craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiovascular defects, dermatologic abnormalities, and intellectual disabilities. Although B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) mutations are associated with cardio-facio-cutaneous (CFC) syndrome and Noonan syndrome, it remains unclear how these mutations impair cognition. Here, we investigated the underlying neural mechanisms using several mouse models harboring a gain-of-function BRAF mutation (K499E) discovered in RASopathy patients.

Cd99l2 regulates excitatory synapse development and restrains immediate-early gene activation.

Cd99 molecule-like 2 (Cd99l2) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays a role in the transmigration of leukocytes across vascular endothelial cells. Despite its high expression in the brain, the role of Cd99l2 remains elusive. We find that Cd99l2 is expressed primarily in neurons and positively regulates neurite outgrowth and the development of excitatory synapses.

Cerebellar Bergmann glia integrate noxious information and modulate nocifensive behaviors.

The cerebellum is activated by noxious stimuli and pathological pain but its role in noxious information processing remains unknown. Here, we show that in mice, cutaneous noxious electrical stimuli induced noradrenaline (NA) release from locus coeruleus (LC) terminals in the cerebellar cortex. Bergmann glia (BG) accumulated these LC-NA signals by increasing intracellular calcium in an integrative manner ('flares').

The potential for drug incompatibility and its drivers - A hospital wide retrospective descriptive study.

Objective: Drug incompatibility, a significant subset of medication errors, threaten patient safety during the medication administration phase. Despite the undeniably high prevalence of drug incompatibility, it is currently poorly understood because previous studies are focused predominantly on intensive care unit (ICU) settings. To enhance patient safety, it is crucial to expand our understanding of this issue from a comprehensive viewpoint.

High glycated albumin is associated with early neurological deterioration in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Glycated albumin (GA) is an indicator of glycemic variability over the past 2-4 weeks and has suitable characteristics for predicting the prognosis of ischemic stroke during the acute phase. This study evaluated the association between early neurological deterioration (END) and GA values in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS).

Methods: We assessed consecutive patients with AIS between 2022 and 2023 at two large medical centers in Korea.

Deep learning for predicting rehospitalization in acute heart failure: Model foundation and external validation.

Aims: Assessing the risk for HF rehospitalization is important for managing and treating patients with HF. To address this need, various risk prediction models have been developed. However, none of them used deep learning methods with real-world data.

Triglyceride-Related Parameters and Symptomatic Atherosclerotic Lesions in Patients With Ischemic Stroke.

Objective: Recently, evidence has suggested that the pathophysiology and risk factors of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) differs from those of extracranial atherosclerosis (ECAS). In addition, novel parameters reflecting metabolic conditions, such as insulin resistance or atherogenic dyslipidemia, based on triglycerides (TG) and other biomarkers, have emerged. In this study, we evaluated the association between TG-related parameters and symptomatic cerebral atherosclerosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke resulting from large artery atherosclerosis (LAA).

Chronic ultraviolet irradiation induces memory deficits via dysregulation of the dopamine pathway.

The effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on brain function have previously been investigated; however, the specific neurotransmitter-mediated mechanisms responsible for UV radiation-induced neurobehavioral changes remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying UV radiation-induced neurobehavioral changes. In a mouse model, we observed that UV irradiation of the skin induces deficits in hippocampal memory, synaptic plasticity, and adult neurogenesis, as well as increased dopamine levels in the skin, adrenal glands, and brain.

Transcriptome sequencing of the endangered land snail Karaftohelix adamsi from the Island Ulleung: De novo assembly, annotation, valuation of fitness genes and SSR markers.

Background: The Bradybaenidae snail Karaftohelix adamsi is endemic to Korea, with the species tracked from Island Ulleung in North Gyeongsang Province of South Korea. K. adamsi has been classified under the Endangered Wildlife Class II species of Korea and poses a severe risk of extinction following habitat disturbances.

In silico identification and expression analysis of superoxide dismutases in Tenebrio molitor.

Background: Insects encounter various environmental stresses, in response to which they generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant metalloenzyme that scavenges superoxide radicals to prevent oxidative damage.

Objective: To investigate expressions of SODs under oxidative stress in Tenebrio molitor.

Severity of sleep apnea as a prognostic factor for mortality in patients with multiple system atrophy.

Background: We determined whether the severity of sleep apnea increases the risk of mortality in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) with and without stridor. MethodsThis retrospective study included patients who underwent polysomnography within one year after diagnosis of probable MSA. Stridor, sleep apnea, and arousal from sleep were determined using full-night polysomnography.