Heterogeneous effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on nephrolithiasis in older adults with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis. Emerging evidence suggests that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) may reduce this risk; however, data remain inconclusive.

Objective: To examine the risk of nephrolithiasis among users of SGLT2i compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) in a real-world population of older adults with T2D.

Long-Term Testosterone Shows Cardiovascular Safety in Men With Testosterone Deficiency in Electronic Health Records.

Objective: Our objective is to examine the association between cardiovascular (CV) safety and long-term testosterone therapy (TTh) in men with testosterone deficiency (TD) in real-world practice.

Method: We extracted the electronic health records of 2683 adult men with TD from 3 healthcare systems from January 1, 2012, to June 30, 2023. We matched TTh and non-TTh groups in a 1:1 ratio based on age, race, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and serum testosterone level via propensity score.

Repurposing Acebutolol for Osteoporosis Treatment: Insights From Multi-Omics and Multi-Modal Data Analysis.

Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease with aging, characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and higher fragility fracture risk. Although current pharmacological interventions provide therapeutic benefits, long-term use is limited by side effects and comorbidities. In this study, we employed driver signaling network identification (DSNI) and drug functional networks (DFN) to identify repurposable drugs from the Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures.

Long-term cost-effectiveness of tirzepatide for individuals with type 2 diabetes and comorbid obesity.

Objectives: This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of tirzepatide (TZP) 10 and 15 mg once weekly (QW) compared to placebo among individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and comorbid obesity in the United States (US).

Research Design And Methods: The Building, Relating, Assessing and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) Diabetes Model was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of the two TZP doses in individuals with T2D and comorbid obesity from the US healthcare perspective, using a 30-year time horizon. Treatment effects were derived from the SURMOUNT-2 trial and assumed to persist for 5 years.

Clinical Need for Point-of-Care Testing for Diabetes in Clinical and Laboratory Improvement Amendments-Waived Settings.

Point-of-care testing (POCT) has been used in multiple care settings for acute disease and, to a lesser extent, chronic disease testing. All POCT is regulated under the Clinical and Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA). CLIA-waived POCT requires no proficiency testing and can be carried out by nonlaboratory personnel.

Multivitamins After Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: In 2013, the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) reported that in 1708 patients with stable coronary disease and prior myocardial infarction (MI), oral multivitamins and multiminerals (OMVMs), in a factorial design with edetate disodium (EDTA) chelation therapy, did not reduce cardiovascular events relative to placebo OMVMs, but active EDTA combined with active OMVMs was superior to placebo OMVM/placebo EDTA.

Objective: To compare OMVM vs placebo in terms of efficacy for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and prior MI.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The TACT2 randomized, multicenter double-masked 2 × 2 factorial clinical trial took place across 88 sites in the US and Canada.

Capturing the Additional Cardiovascular Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Beyond the Control of Traditional Risk Factors in People With Diabetes.

Objectives: This study aimed to quantify the additional cardioprotective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) beyond the traditional risk factors control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. This helps calibrate the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) diabetes simulation model to capture the total cardiovascular benefits of new diabetes medications accurately.

Methods: We extracted patient characteristics and treatment efficacy data from 4 cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2is and 4 CVOTs of GLP-1RAs completed before May 2023.

Sex Differences in Long COVID.

Importance: A substantial number of individuals worldwide experience long COVID, or post-COVID condition. Other postviral and autoimmune conditions have a female predominance, but whether the same is true for long COVID, especially within different subgroups, is uncertain.

Objective: To evaluate sex differences in the risk of developing long COVID among adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Long-term health benefit and economic return of time in range (TIR) improvement in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Time in range (TIR) is an important metric to measure variability of blood glucose levels. The aim is to quantify the long-term health benefits and economic return associated with improved TIR for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Method: A Markov model with three states (T2D, T2D with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death) estimated 20-year medical costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) gained and CVD risk under four TIR scenarios: >85%, 71%-85%, 51%-70% and ≤50%.

A genome-wide association study identifies genetic determinants of hemoglobin glycation index with implications across sex and ethnicity.

Introduction: We investigated the genetic determinants of variation in the hemoglobin glycation index (HGI), an emerging biomarker for the risk of diabetes complications.

Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for HGI in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial ( = 7,913) using linear regression and additive genotype encoding on variants with minor allele frequency greater than 3%. We conducted replication analyses of top findings in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study with inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and the risk of Parkinson disease in real-world patients with type 2 diabetes.

Importance: Diabetes increases the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, a new glucose-lowering therapeutic class, have shown neuroprotective effects in mechanistic studies. However, the association between SGLT2 inhibitors and PD risk in real-world populations with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear.

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effectiveness of SGLT2 Inhibitors vs GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Emerging data suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) improve kidney outcomes for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Direct comparisons of the kidney and cardiovascular effectiveness of GLP-1 RA with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), a first-line therapy for this population, are needed.

Objectives: The authors compared kidney and cardiovascular outcomes for new users of SGLT2i and GLP-1 RAs with T2D.

PAX4 gene delivery improves β-cell function in human islets of Type II diabetes.

Type II diabetes (T2D) stems from insulin resistance, with β-cell dysfunction as a hallmark in its progression. Studies reveal that β cells undergo apoptosis or dedifferentiation during T2D development. The transcription factor PAX4 is vital for β differentiation and survival, thus may be a potential enhancer of β-cell function in T2D islets.

Sex differences in circulating metabolites across glycemic status and risk of coronary heart disease.

Background: Women with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a 50% excess risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) than men with T2D. We compared circulating metabolites and their associations with CHD in men and women across glycemic status.

Methods: We used metabolomic data (lipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, glycolysis, ketones, inflammation, and fluid balance) for 87,326 CHD-free UK Biobank participants.

Study protocol for a prospective, multicentre study of hypercortisolism in patients with difficult-to-control type 2 diabetes (CATALYST): prevalence and treatment with mifepristone.

Introduction: Even with recent treatment advances, type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains poorly controlled for many patients, despite the best efforts to adhere to therapies and lifestyle modifications. Although estimates vary, studies indicate that in >10% of individuals with difficult-to-control T2D, hypercortisolism may be an underlying contributing cause. To better understand the prevalence of hypercortisolism and the impact of its treatment on T2D and associated comorbidities, we describe the two-part Hyper ortisolism in P ients with Difficult to Control Type 2 Di betes Despite Receiving Standard-of-Care Therapies: Preva ence and Treatment with Korl m (Mifepri one) (CATALYST) trial.

Renal function as an effect modifier of intensive glucose control in delaying cognitive function decline among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A revisit to the ACCORD MIND trial.

Aim: Dysglycaemia accelerates cognitive decline. Intensive glucose control may help delay or prevent cognitive function decline (CFD). We aimed to determine how patient characteristics influence the effect of intensive glucose control [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.

Cluster of differentiation molecules in the metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a significant public health concern due to its association with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health conditions. Despite extensive research, the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to MetS pathogenesis remain elusive. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms linking MetS and cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, which play critical roles in immune regulation and cellular signaling.