Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analyses Reveal a Novel Antiapoptotic Mechanism of Peptide IRW in the Arteries of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats through the Reduction of Ceramide Levels and Arachidonic Acid Release.

IRW, an antihypertensive peptide derived from ovotransferrin, has been shown to lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) by upregulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is cardioprotective and a well-documented inhibitor of apoptosis. This study aims to investigate the anti-apoptotic effects of IRW and its underlying mechanism in SHRs' vasculature.

Association between enteral essential fatty acids and plasma phospholipid essential fatty acids related immune response in critically ill adults with COVID-19: A prospective cohort study.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complicated disease with widely varying outcomes. Up to 20% of unvaccinated, hospitalized patients infected with COVID-19 may die during the initial three weeks. Our research shows that COVID-19 infection results in rapid, remarkable change in the balance between essential fatty acid constituents of plasma phospholipids that are substrates for synthesis of signals that regulate immunity, inflammation, and thrombosis.

Improving analysis of sexual dimorphism in body composition dynamics in the oncology setting: A scoping review.

Background And Aims: Chemotherapy treatments induce loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue each of which are important prognostic indicators after a cancer diagnosis. Males and females may respond differently to drugs used to treat cancer. Given the high degree of heterogeneity in the literature, the objective of this scoping review is to evaluate the methodological variability in reporting of muscle and adipose tissue changes comparing males and females during cancer-directed treatment.

Dose optimization of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is essential to mitigate muscle loss in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Background & Aims: Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) contributes to malnutrition, marked by muscle loss during chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer (aPC). Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is recommended for patients with EPI; however, it's efficacy for attenuating muscle loss has not been demonstrated. We aimed to delineate the impact of PERT dose on muscle loss using a 7-year population-based cohort with aPC who were provided PERT at the discretion of their oncologist or dietitian according to clinical indications of EPI.

Plasma essential fatty acid on hospital admission is a marker of COVID-19 disease severity.

It is important for allocation of resources to predict those COVID patients at high risk of dying or organ failure. Early signals to initiate cellular events of host immunity can be derived from essential fatty acid metabolites preceding the cascade of proinflammatory signals. Much research has focused on understanding later proinflammatory responses.

Gingerols synergize with anthocyanins to induce antioxidant activity .

Oxidative stress caused by free radicals contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple chronic health conditions. Phytochemicals protect against oxidative stress; however, low bioavailability from dietary sources limits their health benefits. This study aimed to assess the effects of anthocyanins and gingerols' combination on the cellular antioxidant response of Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress.

Muscle and Adipose Wasting despite Disease Control: Unaddressed Side Effects of Palliative Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer.

Muscle and adipose wasting during chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer (aPC) are associated with poor outcomes. We aimed to quantify the contributions of chemotherapy regimen and tumour progression to muscle and adipose wasting and evaluate the prognostic value of each tissue loss. Of all patients treated for aPC from 2013-2019 in Alberta, Canada ( = 504), computed-tomography (CT)-defined muscle and adipose tissue index changes (∆SMI, ∆ATI, cm/m) were measured for patients with CT images available both prior to and 12 ± 4 weeks after chemotherapy initiation ( = 210).

Call for standardization in assessment and reporting of muscle and adipose change using computed tomography analysis in oncology: A scoping review.

Investigators are increasingly measuring skeletal muscle (SM) and adipose tissue (AT) change during cancer treatment to understand impact on patient outcomes. Recent meta-analyses have reported high heterogeneity in this literature, representing uncertainty in the resulting estimates. Using the setting of palliative-intent chemotherapy as an exemplar, we aimed to systematically summarize the sources of variability among studies evaluating SM and AT change during cancer treatment and propose standards for future studies to enable reliable meta-analysis.

Increased Expression of Hepatic Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD)-1 and Depletion of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Content following Cytotoxic Cancer Therapy Are Reversed by Dietary Fish Oil.

Cancer treatment evokes impediments to liver metabolism that culminate in fatty liver. This study determined hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes and mediators involved in lipid metabolism following chemotherapy treatment. Female rats bearing the Ward colon tumor were administered Irinotecan (CPT-11) +5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (2.

Interorgan Metabolism of Ganglioside Is Altered in Type 2 Diabetes.

GM3 is implicated in cell signaling, inflammation and insulin resistance. The intestinal mucosa metabolizes ganglioside and provides gangliosides for uptake by peripheral tissues. Gangliosides downregulate acute and chronic inflammatory signals.

Dietary EPA+DHA Mitigate Hepatic Toxicity and Modify the Oxylipin Profile in an Animal Model of Colorectal Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy.

Irinotecan (CPT-11) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are commonly used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer, but chemotherapy-associated steatosis/steatohepatitis (CASSH) frequently accompanies their use. The objective of this study was to determine effect of CPT-11+5-FU on liver toxicity, liver oxylipins, and cytokines, and to explore whether these alterations could be modified by dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of fish oil (EPA+DHA). Tumor-bearing animals were administered CPT-11+5-FU and maintained on a control diet or a diet containing EPA+DHA (2.

Glial control of sphingolipid levels sculpts diurnal remodeling in a circadian circuit.

Structural plasticity in the brain often necessitates dramatic remodeling of neuronal processes, with attendant reorganization of the cytoskeleton and membranes. Although cytoskeletal restructuring has been studied extensively, how lipids might orchestrate structural plasticity remains unclear. We show that specific glial cells in Drosophila produce glucocerebrosidase (GBA) to locally catabolize sphingolipids.

Higher subcutaneous adipose tissue radiodensity is associated with increased mortality in patients with cirrhosis.

Background & Aims: Association between sarcopenia and mortality in cirrhosis is well recognised; however, little is known about the clinical implications of adipose tissue radiodensity, indicative of biological features. This study aimed to determine an association between high subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) radiodensity and survival, compare the prevalence of high SAT radiodensity between healthy population and patients with cirrhosis, and identify an association between computed tomography (CT)-measured SAT radiodensity and histological characteristics.

Methods: Adult patients with cirrhosis (n = 786) and healthy donors (n = 129) with CT images taken as part of the liver transplant (LT) assessment were included.

Skeletal Muscle Pathological Fat Infiltration (Myosteatosis) Is Associated with Higher Mortality in Patients with Cirrhosis.

Myosteatosis (pathological fat accumulation in muscle) is defined by lower mean skeletal muscle radiodensity in CT. We aimed to determine the optimal cut-offs for myosteatosis in a cohort of 855 patients with cirrhosis. CT images were used to determine the skeletal muscle radiodensity expressed as Hounsfield Unit (HU).

Myosteatosis in Cirrhosis: A Review of Diagnosis, Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Potential Interventions.

Myosteatosis, or pathological excess fat accumulation in muscle, has been widely defined as a lower mean skeletal muscle radiodensity on computed tomography (CT). It is reported in more than half of patients with cirrhosis, and preliminary studies have shown a possible association with reduced survival and increased risk of portal hypertension complications. Despite the clinical implications in cirrhosis, a standardized definition for myosteatosis has not yet been established.

Depletion of essential fatty acids in muscle is associated with shorter survival of cancer patients undergoing surgery-preliminary report.

Emerging studies are reporting associations between skeletal muscle abnormalities and survival in cancer patients. Cancer prognosis is associated with depletion of essential fatty acids in erythrocytes and plasma in humans. However the relationship between skeletal muscle membrane fatty acid composition and survival is unknown.

Alterations in hepatic fatty acids reveal depletion of total polyunsaturated fatty acids following irinotecan plus 5-fluorouracil treatment in an animal model of colorectal cancer.

Fatty liver is a side effect of chemotherapy that limits the ability to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) patients in the most effective way. The aim of this study was to determine hepatic fatty acid composition and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism at two time points following sequential chemotherapy treatment with Irinotecan (CPT-11)+5-fluorouracil (5-FU), agents commonly used to treat human colorectal cancer. Female Fischer 344 rats were provided a semi-purified AIN-76 basal diet with modified fat component.

A 16-week randomized controlled trial of a fish oil and whey protein-derived supplement to improve physical performance in older adults losing autonomy-A pilot study.

Background: Low functional capacity may lead to the loss of independence and institutionalization of older adults. A nutritional intervention within a rehabilitation program may attenuate loss of muscle function in this understudied population.

Objective: This pilot study assessed the feasibility for a larger RCT of a nutritional supplementation in older adults referred to an outpatient assessment and rehabilitation program.

Ganglioside Alters Phospholipase Trafficking, Inhibits NF-κB Assembly, and Protects Tight Junction Integrity.

Dietary gangliosides are present in human milk and consumed in low amounts from organ meats. Clinical and animal studies indicate that dietary gangliosides attenuate signaling processes that are a hallmark of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Gangliosides decrease pro-inflammatory markers, improve intestinal permeability, and reduce symptoms characteristic in patients with IBD.

Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Differentiation by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Critical Review.

Skeletal muscle is composed of multinuclear cells called myofibres, which are formed by the fusion of myoblasts during development. The size of the muscle fiber and mass of skeletal muscle are altered in response to several pathological and physiological conditions. Skeletal muscle regeneration is primarily mediated by muscle stem cells called satellite cells (SCs).

Myokines in treatment-naïve patients with cancer-associated cachexia.

Cancer-associated cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by weight loss and systemic inflammation. Muscle loss and fatty infiltration into muscle are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, factors with autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine action, which may be modified by or play a role in cachexia.

Sarcopenia Severity Based on Computed Tomography Image Analysis in Patients with Cirrhosis.

Standardized sex-specific cut-offs for sarcopenia in cirrhosis are needed to identify the risk of clinical complications and to discriminate the severity of sarcopenia. We aimed to compare clinical characteristics between patients with cirrhosis categorized according to the severity of sarcopenia. Computed tomography images were taken at the 3rd lumbar vertebra from 603 patients with cirrhosis and 129 adult donors for living liver transplantation.

Myopenia and Reduced Subcutaneous Adiposity in Children With Liver Disease Are Associated With Adverse Outcomes.

Background: Sarcopenia is defined as reduced skeletal muscle mass (SMM) or myopenia and altered muscle function and physical performance. It is unknown whether myopenia in children with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) adversely impacts clinical outcomes. We hypothesized that myopenia was prevalent in children with ESLD and related to suboptimal nutrition intake contributing to gross motor and growth delay, increased hospitalization, and medical complications.

Fish oil supplementation and maintaining muscle mass in chronic disease: state of the evidence.

Purpose Of Review: Providing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the form of fish oils, to benefit muscle is an emerging area of interest. The aim of this work was to evaluate the current literature that has assessed muscle mass as an outcome during a fish oil intervention in any chronic disease.

Recent Findings: The vast majority of studies published in the last 3 years (12 of 15) have been conducted in the oncological setting, in patients undergoing treatment for cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, breast, head and neck, lung, cervix, and hematological cancers.

N - 3 fatty acids during chemotherapy: toward a higher level of evidence for clinical application.

Purpose Of Review: Recommendations for intakes of n - 3 fatty acids (FAs) in patients who are receiving chemotherapy for cancer are based on weak evidence. This review highlights themes within the emergent literature to suggest improvements in the design of studies that provide n - 3 FA supplements concurrent with cytotoxic agents.

Recent Findings: Following earlier research in animal models and human pilot studies, recent human studies have evaluated the effect of providing n - 3 FAs during delivery of single agent and multiagent chemotherapy regimens for breast and gastro-intestinal cancers.