Interorgan Metabolism of Ganglioside Is Altered in Type 2 Diabetes.

GM3 is implicated in cell signaling, inflammation and insulin resistance. The intestinal mucosa metabolizes ganglioside and provides gangliosides for uptake by peripheral tissues. Gangliosides downregulate acute and chronic inflammatory signals.

Association between maternal glucose and large for gestational outcomes: Real-world evidence to support Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study findings.

Aims: To compare large for gestational age (LGA) rates by maternal glucose levels in a real-world setting with those in the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. To examine the association between fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1- and 2-h on a 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and LGA.

Methods: Pregnancies were categorized according to HAPO thresholds.

The challenge of predicting blood glucose concentration changes in patients with type I diabetes.

Patients with Type I Diabetes (T1D) must take insulin injections to prevent the serious long term effects of hyperglycemia. They must also be careful not to inject too much insulin because this could induce (potentially fatal) hypoglycemia. Patients therefore follow a "regimen" that determines how much insulin to inject at each time, based on various measurements.

Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multicentre, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Although metformin is increasingly being used in women with type 2 diabetes during pregnancy, little data exist on the benefits and harms of metformin use on pregnancy outcomes in these women. We aimed to investigate the effects of the addition of metformin to a standard regimen of insulin on neonatal morbidity and mortality in pregnant women with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this prospective, multicentre, international, randomised, parallel, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial, women with type 2 diabetes during pregnancy were randomly assigned from 25 centres in Canada and four in Australia to receive either metformin 1000 mg twice daily or placebo, added to insulin.

Association between maternal diabetes, being large for gestational age and breast-feeding on being overweight or obese in childhood.

Aims/hypothesis: This study aimed to examine the association of maternal diabetes, being large for gestational age (LGA) and breast-feeding with being overweight or obese in pre-school-aged children.

Methods: Data on height and weight at the time of their pre-school (age 4-6 years) immunisation visit between January 2009 and August 2017, as well as breast-feeding status in the first 5 months of life, for 81,226 children born between January 2005 and August 2013 were linked with maternal hospitalisation and outpatient records and birth registry data. Children were grouped into six categories based on maternal diabetes status during pregnancy (no diabetes, gestational diabetes or pre-existing diabetes) and birthweight (appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or LGA).

Prevalence of gestational diabetes among Chinese and South Asians: A Canadian population-based analysis.

Background: There is considerable geographic variation in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) rates. We used data from two Canadian provinces, British Columbia (BC) and Alberta (AB), to determine the impact of ethnicity on GDM prevalence and neonatal outcomes.

Research Design And Methods: All deliveries between 04/01/2004 and 03/31/2010 in AB (n=249,796) and BC (n=248,217) were analyzed.

Effects of Changing the Amount and Source of Dietary Carbohydrates on Symptoms and Dietary Satisfaction Over a 1-Year Period in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: Canadian Trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes (CCD).

Objectives: To determine the long-term effects of changing the amount or source of dietary carbohydrate on quality of life (QOL), symptoms and dietary satisfaction in people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Subjects with diabetes treated by diet alone (n=162) were randomly assigned to high-carbohydrate/high-glycemic-index (HGI) diets; high-carbohydrate/low-glycemic-index (LGI) diets; or lower-carbohydrate/high-monounsaturated-fat (LC) diets for 1 year. We measured QOL at baseline and at study's end, and we measured symptoms and dietary satisfaction quarterly.

Improved A1C Levels in Type 1 Diabetes with Smartphone App Use.

Objectives: Smartphones are a potentially useful tool in diabetes care. We have developed an application (app) linked to a website, Intelligent Diabetes Management (IDM), which serves as both an insulin bolus calculator and an electronic diabetes diary. We have prospectively studied whether patients using this app improved control of their glucose levels.

Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

Background: The incidence of type 2 diabetes in pregnancy is rising and rates of serious adverse maternal and fetal outcomes remain high. Metformin is a biguanide that is used as first-line treatment for non-pregnant patients with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that metformin use in pregnancy, as an adjunct to insulin, will decrease adverse outcomes by reducing maternal hyperglycemia, maternal insulin doses, maternal weight gain and gestational hypertension/pre-eclampsia.

Review of gestational diabetes mellitus effects on vascular structure and function.

Vascular dysfunction has been described in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, previous gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Factors contributing to vascular changes remain uncertain.

De novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in humans with long-standing type 1 diabetes are comparable to non-diabetic individuals.

Background: Synthesis of lipid species, including fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol, can contribute to pathological disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate FA and cholesterol synthesis in individuals with type 1 diabetes, a group at elevated risk for vascular disease, using stable isotope analysis.

Methods: Individuals with type 1 diabetes (n = 9) and age-, sex-, and BMI-matched non-diabetic subjects (n = 9) were recruited.

Glucose control during labor and delivery.

Neonatal hypoglycemia is an important consequence for the infant of the mother with diabetes. We have reviewed 24 published papers of various protocols for control of glucose in pregnant diabetic women during labor and delivery including our own published work. A relationship of maternal glucose during labor and neonatal hypoglycemia was sought in 19 of these studies.

Risks of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia over the last decade in a cohort of Alberta women.

Objectives: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing. However, less is known about the incidence of preeclampsia (PE) and whether it is affected by the presence of GDM. We sought to document the population-level incidence of GDM and PE during the last decade and examine the association between GDM and PE after accounting for established risk factors.

Clinical diagnosis of gestational diabetes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosis remains controversial. ACOG criteria are based on the long-term risk of maternal diabetes. ADA recently suggested diagnosing GDM with 1 elevated value on an oral glucose tolerance test based on a 1.

Elevated lipogenesis and diminished cholesterol synthesis in patients with hepatitis C viral infection compared to healthy humans.

Unlabelled: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) exerts a profound influence on host lipid metabolism. It has been suggested that the synthesis of both fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol is dysregulated in HCV but this has not been directly quantified in humans. The purpose of this study was to measure lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis using stable isotopes in patients with HCV (n = 5) and healthy control (n = 9) subjects recruited from the University of Alberta hospital.

Glucose control during labour in diabetic women.

Objectives: Glucose control during labour is important for mother and neonate, with high rates of neonatal hypoglycemia reported in offspring of women with pre-existing or gestational diabetes (48% and 19%, respectively). How glucose control can be achieved is rarely specified. We conducted a chart review of a standardized approach using an iterative intravenous insulin-glucose infusion.

Use of continuous glucose monitoring system in the management of severe hypoglycemia.

Background: Severe hypoglycemia can have a dramatic impact on daily life for people with diabetes. Hypoglycemia is quantifiable by the HYPO-Score derived from the frequency of severe hypoglycemia over a year and a component based on 4 weeks of glucose records. The latter gives a modified HYPO-Score as a short-term measure of hypoglycemia.

High prevalence of ovarian cysts in premenopausal women receiving sirolimus and tacrolimus after clinical islet transplantation.

We encountered an unexpectedly high rate of ovarian cysts in premenopausal women receiving sirolimus and tacrolimus following islet transplantation. The goal of this retrospective chart review was to determine the frequency of ovarian cysts found on pelvic ultrasound examinations of female islet transplant recipients and to look for potential causal factors. Fifty-seven women with a median age of 42.

The Canadian Trial of Carbohydrates in Diabetes (CCD), a 1-y controlled trial of low-glycemic-index dietary carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes: no effect on glycated hemoglobin but reduction in C-reactive protein.

Background: The optimal source and amount of dietary carbohydrate for managing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are unknown.

Objective: We aimed to compare the effects of altering the glycemic index or the amount of carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), plasma glucose, lipids, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in T2DM patients.

Design: Subjects with T2DM managed by diet alone (n=162) were randomly assigned to receive high-carbohydrate, high-glycemic-index (high-GI), high-carbohydrate, low-glycemic-index (low-GI), or low-carbohydrate, high-monounsaturated-fat (low-CHO) diets for 1 y.