Integrating AI into OLED material design: a comprehensive review of computational frameworks, challenges, and opportunities.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly reshaping the discovery and design of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials, shifting conventional intuition-driven development into an integrated, data-driven paradigm. The increasing demand for high-performance OLED emitters with ultra-narrow emission spectrum and enhanced operational stability has highlighted the urgent need for a dedicated, multi-scale computational framework tailored to OLED-specific challenges. This review proposes a systematic AI-driven framework that combines quantum chemistry calculations, property prediction models, and generative algorithms to enable high-throughput screening and inverse design workflows for organic luminescent materials.

The Mechanistic Investigation of Polycarbonate:Polystyrene and Poly(vinylidene fluoride):Polystyrene Micro-Nano Structures in Optimization Light Field Distribution and Viewing Angle Ratio of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

In this study, we utilize the phase separation phenomenon between polycarbonate (PC), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and polystyrene (PS) to fabricate two types of micro-nano structures, PC:PS, and PVDF:PS. We investigate the optimization mechanisms of two micro-nano structures in green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) by using electroluminescence (EL), normalized viewing angle ratio tests, and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. The results confirm that improvements in both the viewing angle ratio and light extraction efficiency are due to the optimized internal light field distribution.

Trienzyme-in-One Nanoparticle Making Multifunctional Synergistic Nanorobot for Tumor Therapy.

Current nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems for tumor therapy face significant challenges in intratumoral penetration and cellular internalization, leading to poor therapeutic efficacy. Herein, it is demonstrated that the sequential integration of glucose oxidase (GOx), catalase (CAT), and urease (URE) onto the half surface of biotin-modified Janus nanoparticles via the chemical coupling way produces nanorobots of multifunctionality and synergistic effect (denoted as UCGPJNRs). They can autonomously and powerfully move in tumor microenvironment (TME) by using endogenous urea as a fuel, enabling to penetrate deeper than 0.

Photothermal-Driven α-Amylase-Modified Polydopamine Pot-Like Nanomotors for Enhancing Penetration and Elimination of Drug-Resistant Biofilms.

Biological enzyme-functionalized antibacterial nanoparticles, which can degrade biofilm and kill bacteria under mild reaction conditions, have attracted much attention for the elimination of deep-seated bacterial infections. However, the poor diffusion and penetration capabilities of recently developed biological enzyme-functionalized antibacterial nanoparticles in biofilm severely impair the eradication efficacy of deep-seated bacteria. Herein, a photothermal-driven nanomotor (denoted as APPNM) is developed for enhancing the elimination of drug-resistant biofilms and the eradication of deep-seated bacteria.

Manipulating Phase and Defect Distribution of Quasi-2D Perovskites via a Synergistic Strategy for Enhancing the Performance of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes.

Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) mixed-halide perovskites are a requisite for their applications in highly efficient blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) owing to their strong quantum confinement effect and high exciton binding energy. The pace of quasi-2D blue PeLEDs is hindered primarily by two factors: challenges in precisely managing the phase distribution and defect-mediated nonradiative recombination losses. Herein, we utilize 2,2-diphenylethylamine (DPEA) with bulky steric hindrance to disturb the assembly process of a slender spacer host cation, 4-fluorophenylethylammonium (-F-PEA), enhancing phase distribution management in quasi-2D PeLEDs.

High-Brightness Color-Tunable AC-Driven Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Integrated Passive High-Electric-Field Contactless Detection.

This work explores the carrier recombination dynamics of AC-driven quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (AC-QLEDs) and proposes their application in the field of electric field contactless detection. Different sequences of green QD (GQD)/red QD (RQD) bilayer thin films as the emission layer of AC-QLEDs were fabricated via film transfer printing to ensure the complete morphology of each layer. AC-QLEDs with the emission layer as the sequence of GQD + RQD (GR-QLEDs) show a significantly enhanced carrier recombination efficiency due to its stable energy level structure, achieving the highest peak brightness ever recorded for vertically emitting brightness of 1648.

Tenapanor Improves Abdominal Symptoms Irrespective of Changes in Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movement Frequency in Adults with Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation.

Introduction: Tenapanor is a first-in-class, minimally absorbed intestinal sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 inhibitor approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for adults with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). Pooled data from the phase 2b (NCT01923428) and phase 3 T3MPO-1 (NCT02621892) and T3MPO-2 (NCT02686138) studies examined the effects of tenapanor on abdominal symptoms independent of tenapanor's effect on complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM) frequency in adults with IBS-C.

Methods: This post hoc analysis was performed for patients with no CSBMs in ≥6 of the first 12 weeks of treatment (no-CSBM subgroup).

Self-Driven Perovskite/Organic Quasi-Tandem Photodetectors Operating in Both Narrowband and Broadband Regimes.

Dual-band photodetectors (PDs) have attracted extensive research attention due to their great potential for diverse and refreshing application scenarios in full-color imaging, optical communication, and imaging detection. Here, a self-driven dual-band PD without filters and other auxiliary equipment to achieve a narrowband response in Mode 1 and a broadband response in Mode 2 was designed based on carrier-selective transmission narrowing (CSTN). The polymer material poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), which has the appropriate energy level, was selected to be the carrier-selective transmission layer.

Enhancing Blue Polymer Light-Emitting Diode Performance by Optimizing the Layer Thickness and the Insertion of a Hole-Transporting Layer.

Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) hold immense promise for energy-efficient lighting and full-color display technologies. In particular, blue PLEDs play a pivotal role in achieving color balance and reducing energy consumption. The optimization of layer thickness in these devices is critical for enhancing their efficiency.

Organic ammonium salt assisted crystallization and defect passivation of a quasi-two-dimensional pure blue perovskite at the buried interface.

Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskites exhibit excellent performance in light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the quality of perovskite films prepared the solution method is significantly impacted by the enormous number of defects that unavoidably form at the grain boundaries and interfaces during the precursor to the crystal formation process. Here, we propose a strategy to assist perovskite crystallization and defect passivation at the buried interface through interfacial modification.

Electrokinetic Analyses Uncover the Rate-Determining Step of Biomass-Derived Monosaccharide Electroreduction on Copper.

Electrochemical biomass conversion holds promise to upcycle carbon sources and produce valuable products while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, deep insight into the interfacial mechanism is essential for the rational design of an efficient electrocatalytic route, which is still an area of active research and development. Herein, we report the reduction of dihydroxyacetone (DHA)-the simplest monosaccharide derived from glycerol feedstock-to acetol, the vital chemical intermediate in industries, with faradaic efficiency of 85±5 % on a polycrystalline Cu electrode.

Investigating the Impact of Prompt Engineering on the Performance of Large Language Models for Standardizing Obstetric Diagnosis Text: Comparative Study.

Background: The accumulation of vast electronic medical records (EMRs) through medical informatization creates significant research value, particularly in obstetrics. Diagnostic standardization across different health care institutions and regions is vital for medical data analysis. Large language models (LLMs) have been extensively used for various medical tasks.

Defects in lead halide perovskite light-emitting diodes under electric field: from behavior to passivation strategies.

Lead halide perovskites (LHPs) are emerging semiconductor materials for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to their unique structure and superior optoelectronic properties. However, defects that initiate degradation of LHPs through external stimuli and prompt internal ion migration at the interfaces remain a significant challenge. The electric field (EF), which is a fundamental driving force in LED operation, complicates the role of these defects in the physical and chemical properties of LHPs.

Tenapanor as Therapy for Hyperphosphatemia in Maintenance Dialysis Patients: Results from the OPTIMIZE Study.

Key Points: Tenapanor, a first-in-class local inhibitor of sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, acts as a phosphate absorption inhibitor by decreasing paracellular phosphate absorption. Tenapanor alone or with phosphate binders achieved ≤ 5.5 mg/dl over 10 weeks in 34%–38% of patients taking phosphate binders at baseline.

Abdominal Symptom Improvement During Clinical Trials of Tenapanor in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Constipation: A Post Hoc Analysis.

Introduction: This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy of tenapanor on abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Abdominal symptoms assessed included pain, discomfort, bloating, cramping, and fullness.

Methods: The abdominal symptom data were pooled from 3 randomized controlled trials (NCT01923428, T3MPO-1 [NCT02621892], and T3MPO-2 [NCT02686138]).

Long-term safety of tenapanor in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation in the T3MPO-3 study.

Background: Tenapanor, a first-in-class, minimally systemic inhibitor of intestinal sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), is approved for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) in adults based on two randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III studies (T3MPO-1 [NCT02621892], T3MPO-2 [NCT02686138]). The open-label T3MPO-3 extension study (NCT02727751) enrolled patients who completed these studies to investigate long-term safety and tolerability of tenapanor.

Methods: Patients who completed T3MPO-1 (16 weeks) or T3MPO-2 (26 weeks) were eligible for enrollment in T3MPO-3.

Modulation Phase Distribution of Ruddlesden-Popper Quasi-2D Perovskites with a Similarly Spaced Dion-Jacobson Phase.

Quasi-two-dimensional (quasi-2D) perovskites exhibit excellent performance when applied to light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, quasi-2D perovskite films generally have nonuniform phases and irregular internal crystal structures, which degrade the device's performance. Here, we propose using a Dion-Jacobson (DJ)-type organic spacer to modulate the phase distribution of the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) quasi-2D perovskite.

Stability and Degradation in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Regulation of Lattice Strain.

It is still quite challenging to achieve high-performance and stable blue perovskite materials due to their instability and degradation. The lattice strain provides an important pathway to investigate the degradation process. In this article, the lattice strain in perovskite nanocrystals was regulated by the ratio of Cs, EA, and Rb cations with different sizes.

B1 SINE-binding ZFP266 impedes mouse iPSC generation through suppression of chromatin opening mediated by reprogramming factors.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming is inefficient and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying this inefficiency holds the key to successfully control cellular identity. Here, we report 24 reprogramming roadblock genes identified by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-wide knockout (KO) screening. Of these, depletion of the predicted KRAB zinc finger protein (KRAB-ZFP) Zfp266 strongly and consistently enhances murine iPSC generation in several reprogramming settings, emerging as the most robust roadblock.

In-Well Ionization from Monolayer Quantum Dots for Non-Carrier-Injection Electroluminescence.

Quantum dot (QD) light-emitting devices operating in non-carrier-injection (NCI) mode have attracted intense interest. Revealing the source of carriers that support the periodic electroluminescence is important because there is no injection of carriers from the external electrode. Electrons/holes generated by well-to-well multiple ionization in adjacent QDs are generally recognized as the carrier source for electroluminescence, and the stacked QD layers are necessary.

Identifying optimal photovoltaic technologies for underwater applications.

Improving solar energy collection in aquatic environments would allow for superior environmental monitoring and remote sensing, but the identification of optimal photovoltaic technologies for such applications is challenging as evaluation requires either field deployment or access to large water tanks. Here, we present a simple bench-top characterization technique that does not require direct access to water and therefore circumvents the need for field testing during initial trials of development. Employing LEDs to simulate underwater solar spectra at various depths, we compare Si and CdTe solar cells, two commercially available technologies, with GaInP cells, a technology with a wide bandgap close to ideal for underwater solar harvesting.

Bandgap tuning strategy by cations and halide ions of lead halide perovskites learned from machine learning.

Bandgap engineering of lead halide perovskite materials is critical to achieve highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and color tunable stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Herein, we propose the use of machine learning as a tool to predict the bandgap of the perovskite materials from their compositions. By learning from the experimental results, machine learning algorithms present reliable performance in predicting the bandgap of the lead halide perovskites.