Maladaptive role of peridroplet mitochondria during lipophagy disruption in pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells exhibit high metabolic flexibility, enabling survival under glucose limitation by using alternative fuels such as fatty acids. Lipophagy, a selective form of autophagy targeting lipid droplets (LDs), supports mitochondrial respiration during such nutrient stress. Our previous study demonstrated that the LSD1 inhibitor SP-2509 disrupts lipophagy independently of LSD1 inhibition, leading to LD accumulation and ATP depletion in glycolysis-suppressed PDAC cells.

Hidden Pitfall in Multiple Sclerosis Imaging: How Standard Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI) May Miss Paramagnetic Rim Lesions.

This case report shows that paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), markers of chronic active lesions in multiple sclerosis, vary in visibility depending on scan-parameters of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI). Routine SWI for microbleed detection with low flip angle (FA) failed to depict PRLs, while longer TE and higher FA improved visibility. Phase images consistently visualized PRLs.

Contribution of white matter microstructure to diffusion tensor image analysis along perivascular space in obstructive sleep apnea.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate whether the ALPS index derived from diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) is influenced by white matter fibres within the analysis region, particularly commissural fibres from the corpus callosum that traverse this area in psychiatric patients with suspected obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We also investigated associations between diffusion-based parameters, sleep-related data, and neurofluid-related imaging metrics.

Methods: Fifty participants with OSA underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging and polysomnography, including diffusion tensor and structural sequences.

Japan-Medical Image Database (J-MID): Medical Big Data Supporting Data Science.

The digitization of radiology practices has advanced for nearly two decades, exemplified by the global standard Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). Rapid technological progress in imaging modalities has led to a significant increase in the volume of data handled. However, it has become difficult for the limited number of radiologists in Japan to maintain the quality of diagnosis while efficiently processing the data.

Retrieval-augmented generation elevates local LLM quality in radiology contrast media consultation.

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate significant potential in healthcare applications, but clinical deployment is limited by privacy concerns and insufficient medical domain training. This study investigated whether retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) can improve locally deployable LLM for radiology contrast media consultation. In 100 synthetic iodinated contrast media consultations we compared Llama 3.

Gray matter microstructure alterations with excess extra-cellular free water contribute to cognitive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: A comparative analysis with white matter pathology.

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental disorder involving cognitive dysfunction. Imaging studies reveal reduced cortical thickness and impaired white matter integrity in BD; however, the biological pathophysiology underlying cognitive dysfunctions remains unclear.

Methods: In 28 patients with euthymic BD and 28 healthy controls, we evaluated gray and white matter microstructure alterations using diffusion kurtosis imaging, free-water imaging, and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging.

The coupling of global brain activity and cerebrospinal fluid flow as a potential predictive marker of brain amyloid-β accumulation.

Background: Impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance is thought to contribute to amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Global brain activity-CSF flow coupling (gBOLD-CSF coupling), measured through resting-state functional MRI, reflects CSF clearance capacity. A higher coupling value indicates weaker coupling.

Association between frontal pole atrophy and glymphatic dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder.

Background: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are highly at risk for dementia and may develop brain atrophy, which is linked to cognitive decline. One possible reason for brain atrophy is cellular damage resulting from waste product accumulation caused by glymphatic dysfunction. This study evaluated the glymphatic system in patients with BD, using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) and choroid plexus volume (CPV) in two separate BD cohorts.

White Matter Microstructure Alterations in Older Adults With Dyslipidemia Associated With Cognitive and Locomotor Dysfunction Evaluated Using Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging.

Introduction: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown white matter (WM) microstructural alterations in individuals with dyslipidemia; however, DTI indices are not specific to WM pathology. However, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) provides more specific measurements of WM microstructure. This study aimed to evaluate dyslipidemia-related WM microstructure alterations and their association with cognitive and motor functions using NODDI.

High-resolution deep learning reconstruction to improve the accuracy of CT fractional flow reserve.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of CT-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) using model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) and high-resolution deep learning reconstruction (HR-DLR) images to detect functionally significant stenosis with invasive FFR as the reference standard.

Materials And Methods: This single-center retrospective study included 79 consecutive patients (mean age, 70 ± 11 [SD] years; 57 male) who underwent coronary CT angiography followed by invasive FFR between February 2022 and March 2024. CT-FFR was calculated using a mesh-free simulation.

Data Science in Medical and Healthcare: Current Landscape.

Data science is revolutionizing various industries and its impact on healthcare and life sciences is particularly profound. The vast amounts of data generated in these fields present both opportunities and challenges, necessitating professionals to extract insights and create value from these data resources. However, effective data-driven solutions in healthcare require a unique combination of technical data science skills and deep-domain expertise in areas such as medicine, public health, and sports science.

Are Diffusion Models Effective Good Feature Extractors for MRI Discriminative Tasks?

Purpose: Diffusion models (DMs) excel in pixel-level and spatial tasks and are proven feature extractors for 2D image discriminative tasks when pretrained. However, their capabilities in 3D MRI discriminative tasks remain largely untapped. This study seeks to assess the effectiveness of DMs in this underexplored area.

Overview of task shifting guidelines in Japan: from radiologists to radiological technologists.

As one of the key pillars of work style reform for physicians, task shifting and sharing from radiologists to radiological technologists has been considered. In May 2021, the Radiological Technologists Act was amended, allowing for the expansion of several duties. Alongside these legal and regulatory changes, a notice from Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare was issued, highlighting tasks to be particularly promoted under the current system prior to the amendment of the Radiological Technologists Act.

Diffusion Tensor Image Analysis Along the Perivascular Space in Former Professional Athletes with Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury History.

Rationale And Objectives: The long-term changes in the glymphatic system of former professional athletes exposed to repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries remain poorly understood. This study aimed to use diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) to evaluate the glymphatic system activity and correlate the ALPS index with neuropsychiatric symptoms in former professional athletes.

Materials And Methods: 30 former professional athletes and 24 age- and sex-matched controls underwent DTI with 3 T magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychiatric tests were performed in the athlete group.

Differentiation of Autoimmune Pancreatitis From Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Weighted Diffusion Subtraction.

Purpose Weighted diffusion subtraction (WDS) is a new imaging technique derived from a pair of diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) using low and high b values. This study assesses the diagnostic performance of WDS in distinguishing pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) by comparing the efficacy of DWI alone compared to DWI with WDS. Methods The patient cohort consisted of 10 patients diagnosed with AIP and 28 patients diagnosed with PDAC.

Practical brain MRI guidelines for anti-Aβ antibody treatment in early symptomatic Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose: These guidelines aim to support magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis in patients receiving anti-amyloid β (Aβ) antibody treatment without restricting treatment eligibility.

Materials And Methods: These guidelines were collaboratively established by Japan Radiological Society, The Japanese Society of Neuroradiology, and Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine by reviewing existing literature and the results of clinical trials.

Results: Facility standards should comply with the "Optimal Use Promotion Guidelines" of Japan, and physicians should possess comprehensive knowledge of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) and expertise in brain MRI interpretation.

Elapsed time changes of the brain radiopharmaceutical accumulation of the amyloid PET examination using F-flutemetamol.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine how the radiopharmaceutical accumulation in the brain changes with the elapsed time between the administration of F-flutemetamol and the start of imaging, and to determine its effect on quantitative indices.

Methods: The study population consisted of 25 subjects who agreed to participate in the study. After visual evaluation by the radiologist, 14 subjects tested negative for Aβ accumulation, and 11 subjects tested positive as well.

Clinical Neuroimaging Over the Last Decade: Achievements and What Lies Ahead.

The past decade has witnessed notable advancements in clinical neuroimaging facilitated by technological innovations and significant scientific discoveries. In conjunction with Investigative Radiology's 60th anniversary, this review examines key contributions from the past 10 years, emphasizing the journal's most accessed articles and their impact on clinical practice and research. Advances in imaging technologies, including photon-counting computed tomography, and innovations in low-field and high-field magnetic resonance imaging systems have expanded diagnostic capabilities.

Practical Brain MRI Guidelines for Anti-Aβ Antibody Treatment in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease.

Purpose: These guidelines aim to support MRI diagnosis in patients receiving anti-amyloid β (Aβ) antibody treatment without restricting treatment eligibility.

Materials And Methods: These guidelines were collaboratively established by Japan Radiological Society, The Japanese Society of Neuroradiology, and Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine by reviewing existing literature and the results of clinical trials.

Results: Facility standards should comply with the "Optimal Use Promotion Guidelines" of Japan, and physicians should possess comprehensive knowledge of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) and expertise in brain MRI interpretation.

Association between cognitive function and relaxation rates of the cerebral cortex.

Objective: We aimed to elucidate the correlation between cognitive function and relaxation rates of the cerebral cortex in the early stages of cognitive decline.

Methods: Brain MRI was performed on 97 community-dwelling elderly participants aged 65-84 years. R1 (1/T1) and R2 (1/T2) maps were obtained with synthetic MRI (SyMRI).

Magnetic resonance imaging indices for early Alzheimer's disease detection: Brain clearance markers.

The Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum is characterized by amyloid and tau protein deposition, which is partly attributable to the dysfunction of the brain clearance system. However, the specific phase in the AD continuum wherein aberrant clearance is present remains unclear. This study aimed to assess noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indices related to brain clearance functions, such as choroid plexus volume (CPV), lateral ventricular volume (LVV), and the index of diffusivity along the perivascular space (ALPS index), across the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum.

Modeling Liver Fibrosis Progression in Patients With Viral Hepatitis Using the Machine Learning Tool Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn).

Background and aim The natural progression of liver fibrosis and its association with biomarker changes have not been fully established in the literature. This study aimed to investigate liver fibrosis progression in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection using a novel machine learning tool called 'Subtype and Stage Inference (SuStaIn).' SuStaIn can identify disease progression patterns and subgroups from cross-sectional biomarker data.

Effect of sampling rate during dynamic myocardial CT perfusion on coronary flow reserve and ischemia analysis.

Radiation dose is a major concern in dynamic myocardial CT perfusion scan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing the sampling rate on quantitative and semi-quantitative values. This single-center prospective study included 45 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age, 58 ± 10 years [SD]; 30 men).

Examining associations of digestive system cancer with hypertension and diabetes using network analysis in older patients.

Hypertension and diabetes are prevalent among older people and may be associated with cancer. Although several network analyses have been conducted to visualize the associations between diseases and relevant factors, to the best of our knowledge, none have focused on visualizing the associations between cancer and other diseases. We conducted a network analysis to explore the associations between cancer, hypertension, and diabetes.