Interplays of Genotype, Alcohol Consumption, and Gut Microbiota in Relation to Insulin Resistance.

Background/objective: Alcohol consumption has been linked to alterations in gut microbiota and insulin resistance. The alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) gene plays a crucial role in alcohol catabolism, where rs1229984 variant carriers (CT/TT) catabolize ethanol at an 80-fold faster rate than non-carriers (CC). This study investigates the relationships between ADH1B gene rs1229984 mutation, alcohol consumption, gut microbiota, and insulin resistance.

Evaluation of Anti-HPV18 Antibody Titers Preceding an Incident Cervical HPV18/45 Infection.

The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine generates high antibody titers against targeted HPV types. This study investigated vaccine-induced anti-HPV18 immunoglobulin (IgG) antibody titers and subsequent HPV18/45 infections. We performed a nested matched case-control study leveraging a prospective longitudinal cohort of adolescent and young adult women (AYW) vaccinated with the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV) attending the Mount Sinai Adolescent Health Center (MSAHC) in Manhattan, NY.

Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Histidine Metabolism Toward Imidazole Propionate Production in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes.

Objective: To examine associations of serum imidazole propionate (ImP), histidine, and their ratio with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related dietary and gut microbial factors in U.S. Hispanic/Latino people.

Associations of fecal and blood microbiota-related metabolites with gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes in HIV infection.

Objectives: Assess the relationships of gut microbiota (GMB)-related metabolites in feces and blood with GMB and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the context of HIV infection, the presence of which could disrupt host metabolism.

Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 111 women with HIV (WWH) and 56 women without HIV (WWOH) in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study.

Methods: We measured 62 targeted metabolites in both feces and plasma and examined their associations with GMB composition (243 species) and prevalent T2D.

Whole-genome sequencing of 1,083 HPV45 cases and controls identifies genetic variants associated with glandular cervical lesions.

Human papillomavirus type 45 (HPV45) causes ~6% of all cervical cancers and an even greater proportion of adenocarcinomas, the latter of which are challenging to detect using current cervical cancer screening. Little is known about how HPV45 genetic variation is related to the risk of cervical precancer/cancer. To investigate this, we whole-genome sequenced a total of 1,083 HPV45-positive samples from two large studies.

Association of meal timing with adiposity measures and gut microbiome characteristics in a cohort study: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Background: Time-restricted eating may help control weight through caloric restriction, circadian rhythm, or influence on the gut microbiome (GMB). Physical activity (PA) also plays a role, as people with a longer eating window (EW, time between first and last daily intake) may be more active. The associations between meal timing, adiposity, PA, sedentary behavior (SB), and GMB characteristics are of interest in Hispanic/Latino persons, who experience a high burden of cardiometabolic diseases.

Psychosocial Effects of Frequent Cannabis Smoking in Adolescent Women of Color: Results from a Prospective Cohort of Inner-City Youth.

Frequent or chronic cannabis use can have negative effects on the adolescent and young adult (AYA) brain and psychosocial development. This study investigated the psychosocial impact of frequent cannabis use in a prospective study of sexually active female AYA patients. Participants completed questionnaires at three separate visits over a period of one year.

Sugar-sweetened beverage intake, gut microbiota, circulating metabolites, and diabetes risk in Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

No population-based studies examined gut microbiota and related metabolites associated with sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake among US adults. In this cohort of US Hispanic/Latino adults, higher SSB intake was associated with nine gut bacterial species, including lower abundances of several short-chain-fatty-acid producers, previously shown to be altered by fructose and glucose in animal studies, and higher abundances of fructose- and glucose-utilizing Clostridium bolteae and Anaerostipes caccae. Fifty-six serum metabolites were correlated with SSB intake and a gut microbiota score based on these SSB-related species in consistent directions.

Healthy Aging and the Gut Microbiome in People With and Without HIV.

Background: Aging-related comorbidities are more common in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared to people without HIV. The gut microbiome may play a role in healthy aging; however, this relationship remains unexplored in the context of HIV.

Methods: 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted on stool from 1409 women (69% with HIV; 2304 samples) and 990 men (54% with HIV; 1008 samples) in the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study.

Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescents and young women.

This study investigated the cervicovaginal microbiome's (CVM's) impact on Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among Black and Hispanic adolescent and young adult women. A total of 187 women with incident CT were matched to 373 controls, and the CVM was characterized before, during, and after CT infection. The findings highlight that a specific subtype of bacterial vaginosis (BV), identified from 16S rRNA gene reads using the molBV algorithm and community state type (CST) clustering, is a significant risk factor for CT acquisition.

Oral Microbiome Signatures as Potential Biomarkers for Gastric Cancer Risk Assessment.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The oral microbiota was investigated for distinguishable characteristics between GC, premalignant gastric conditions (Pre-GC), and control participants.

Methods: Mouthwash samples from GC, Pre-GC, and control participants at a tertiary care center were prospectively collected.

Case-Control Study of Cervicovaginal β/γ-Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Its Relation to Incident Cervical Precancer.

We studied cervicovaginal β/γ-human papillomavirus (HPV) and their relationship to cervical precancer in women with human immunodeficiency virus; having previously reported strong positive associations of β/γ-HPV with incident head and neck cancer in the general population. Case patients (n = 124) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3 or 2. Controls (n = 247) were individually matched 2:1 to case patients.

The Oral Microbiota, Microbial Metabolites, and Immuno-Inflammatory Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Recent advancements in high-throughput omics techniques have enhanced our understanding of the human microbiome's role in the development of CVDs. Although the relationship between the gut microbiome and CVDs has attracted considerable research attention and has been rapidly evolving in recent years, the role of the oral microbiome remains less understood, with most prior studies focusing on periodontitis-related pathogens.

Somatic mutations in 3929 HPV positive cervical cells associated with infection outcome and HPV type.

Invasive cervical cancers (ICC), caused by HPV infections, have a heterogeneous molecular landscape. We investigate the detection, timing, and HPV type specificity of somatic mutations in 3929 HPV-positive exfoliated cervical cell samples from individuals undergoing cervical screening in the U.S.

Dietary Acculturation Is Associated With Altered Gut Microbiome, Circulating Metabolites, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in US Hispanics and Latinos: Results From HCHS/SOL.

Background: Dietary acculturation, or adoption of dominant culture diet by migrant groups, influences human health. We aimed to examine dietary acculturation and its relationships with cardiovascular disease (CVD), gut microbiota, and blood metabolites among US Hispanic and Latino adults.

Methods: In the HCHS/SOL (Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos), US exposure was defined by years in the United States (50 states and Washington, DC) and US nativity.

Gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in US Hispanics/Latinos.

Background: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is an important precursor of heart failure (HF), but little is known about its relationship with gut dysbiosis and microbial-related metabolites. By leveraging the multi-omics data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a study with population at high burden of LVDD, we aimed to characterize gut microbiota associated with LVDD and identify metabolite signatures of gut dysbiosis and incident LVDD.

Results: We included up to 1996 Hispanic/Latino adults (mean age: 59.

DYNAMIC RISK PREDICTION FOR CERVICAL PRECANCER SCREENING WITH CONTINUOUS AND BINARY LONGITUDINAL BIOMARKERS.

Dynamic risk prediction that incorporates longitudinal measurements of biomarkers is useful in identifying high-risk patients for better clinical management. Our work is motivated by the prediction of cervical precancers. Currently, Pap cytology is used to identify HPV-positive (HPV+) women at high-risk of cervical precancer, but cytology lacks accuracy and reproducibility.

Urine microbiome in individuals with an impaired immune system.

With the advent of next generation sequencing, it is now appreciated that human urine is not sterile. Recent investigations of the urinary microbiome (urobiome) have provided insights into several urological diseases. Urobiome dysbiosis, defined as non-optimal urine microbiome composition, has been observed in many disorders; however, it is not clear whether this dysbiosis is the cause of urinary tract disorders or a consequence.

Variant of the lactase LCT gene explains association between milk intake and incident type 2 diabetes.

Cow's milk is frequently included in the human diet, but the relationship between milk intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains controversial. Here, using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, we show that in both sexes, higher milk intake is associated with lower risk of T2D in lactase non-persistent (LNP) individuals (determined by a variant of the lactase LCT gene, single nucleotide polymorphism rs4988235 ) but not in lactase persistent individuals. We validate this finding in the UK Biobank.

The menopause-related gut microbiome: associations with metabolomics, inflammatory protein markers, and cardiometabolic health in women with HIV.

Objective: This study aimed to identify menopause-related gut microbial features, as well as their related metabolites and inflammatory protein markers, and link with cardiometabolic risk factors in women with and without HIV.

Methods: In the Women's Interagency HIV Study, we performed shotgun metagenomic sequencing on 696 stool samples from 446 participants (67% women with HIV), and quantified plasma metabolomics and serum proteomics in a subset (~86%). We examined the associations of menopause (postmenopausal vs premenopausal) with gut microbial features in a cross-sectional repeated-measures design and further evaluated those features in relation to metabolites, proteins, and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Anaerobic pathogens associated with OSA may contribute to pathophysiology via amino-acid depletion.

Background: The human microbiome is linked to multiple metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder with several metabolic risk factors. We investigated the associations between the gut microbiome composition and function, and measures of OSA severity in participants from a prospective community-based cohort study: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).