The role of B lymphocyte subsets in nephrotic syndrome: functions, mechanisms, clinical significance and future perspectives.

B lymphocytes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of nephrotic syndrome (NS). This comprehensive review explores the phenotypic characteristics, pathogenic mechanisms, and clinical translational value of B cell subsets in different types of nephrotic syndrome. Studies demonstrate that B cells participate in disease development through multiple mechanisms, including autoantibody production, T cell function regulation, and cytokine secretion.

Clinical outcomes of immunosuppressive therapy in patients with seronegative anti-PLA2R antibodies and PLA2R-related membranous nephropathy.

Background: The study aims to investigate the impact of immunosuppressive therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with baseline negative PLA2R antibody, providing new therapeutic insights for this patient population.

Methods: This study included 133 patients with positive histological PLA2R antigen and baseline serum anti-PLA2R antibody data. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was used to measure serum anti-PLA2R antibody levels.

Immune Cell Characteristics in a Gut-Kidney Axis-Induced Mouse Model of IgA Nephropathy: The Upregulated Dendritic Cells and Neutrophils.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading type of primary glomerulonephritis, significantly contributing to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and renal failure. The pathogenesis of IgAN is the multi-hit hypothesis regarding overproduction and accumulation of galactose-deficient (Gd-IgA1). Recent findings have revealed gut microbiota dysbiosis and immune responses are essential in the development of IgAN, attracting increasing attention.

Association of dietary carbohydrate intake with risk of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study.

Background: Current evidence on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake (DCI) and mortality risk among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is limited. Moreover, the joint impact of DCI and dietary energy intake (DEI) on mortality remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate both the individual and combined associations of DCI and DEI with all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.

Triceps skinfold thickness is associated with all-cause mortality independent of BMI among maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) is a surrogate marker of subcutaneous fat. Evidence is limited about the association of sex-specific TSF with the risk of all-cause mortality among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal relationship of TSF with all-cause mortality among MHD patients.

Time-Weighted Average Proteinuria and Renal Function Decline in IgA Nephropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading primary glomerulonephritis globally, with many patients advancing to end-stage renal disease. Proteinuria is a key predictor of renal function decline in IgAN, yet the best method for long-term assessment is unclear. This study explores the relationship between time-weighted average proteinuria (TWAP), a novel metric of cumulative proteinuria exposure, and renal function decline in IgAN patients.

Emerging role of Rituximab in adult minimal change disease: a narrative review of clinical evidence, biomarkers and future perspectives.

Minimal change disease (MCD) represents a significant cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults, traditionally managed with corticosteroids despite substantial relapse rates. This review critically evaluates the emerging role of rituximab (RTX) in adult MCD management, synthesizing current evidence across multiple clinical scenarios. Recent studies demonstrate RTX's multifaceted efficacy, particularly in new-onset cases and steroid-dependent/frequently relapsing patients, with the discovery of anti-nephrin antibodies providing unprecedented insights into MCD pathogenesis.

Correlation between serum complement component 4 levels and tubular atrophy in patients with lupus nephritis.

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between serum complement component 4 (C4) levels and tubular atrophy in patients with lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods: Patients diagnosed with LN through renal biopsy were retrospectively analyzed and categorized into two groups: the tubular atrophy group (TA group) and the non-tubular atrophy group (non-TA group). Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and pathological findings were compared between the groups.

Adverse Prognosis in Membranous Nephropathy with Phospholipase A2 Receptor 1 Epitope Spreading: A Prospective Study.

Introduction: In primary membranous nephropathy (MN), 80% of patients harbor antibodies (Abs) against phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1), closely linked to disease prognosis. Prior research has validated the correlation between Abs directed toward the cysteine-rich (CysR) and C-type lectin 1, 7, and 8 (CTLD1, CTLD7, and CTLD8) domains of PLA2R1 and outcomes in MN.

Methods: In a prospective cohort of 52 patients with newly diagnosed PLA2R1-MN, with urine protein ≥ 3.

Incidence and pathological features of IgA nephropathy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) imposes a substantial burden of illness and death. However, a systematic evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence and pathology of IgAN has yet to be performed. In this study, we analyzed kidney biopsy results from two medical institutions, covering the timeframe from January 2016 to May 2023.

Mean arterial pressure at the initiation of continuous renal replacement therapy as a prognostic indicator in patients with acute kidney injury.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in critically ill patients, with approximately 5% requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). This study investigated the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and 28- and 90-day mortality in critically ill AKI patients treated with CRRT.

Methods: This secondary analysis of a bicenter, retrospective, observational study included patients with AKI who were treated with CRRT from January 2009 to September 2016.

Relationship between leukocyte count and renal function in patients with lupus nephritis: a retrospective study of Chinese adults.

Objective: To explore the relationship between leukocyte count and renal function in patients with lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of 100 patients with LN admitted to the Department of Nephrology between 1 January 2015 and 30 December 2023. Based on tertile of leukocyte count, they were allocated to Low, Medium, or High groups.

Chronic Kidney Disease and Thyroid Hormones.

Context: Thyroid dysfunction is prevalent in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and significantly impacts renal outcomes and mortality.

Objective: This study investigated the associations between thyroid function and clinical outcomes, and also the therapeutic effects of thyroid hormone replacement therapy (THRT) in CKD patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the China Renal Data System.

Effects of Roxadustat on Thyroid Profiles in Patients and Animals with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Introduction: Roxadustat, a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor used in renal anemia treatment, has been associated with thyroid hormone suppression. This study investigated the patterns of thyroid profile changes following roxadustat administration and their clinical implications.

Methods: In this retrospective study (2019-2023) at Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, patients were categorized based on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reduction during follow-up (≥50% decrease vs.

Inflammation-based scores predict chronic kidney disease progression in patients with chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure.

Background: Inflammation is associated with adverse outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or chronic heart failure (CHF), but few large data exist. We aimed to explore the clinical associations, and prognostic consequences of inflammation-based scores in patients with CKD and CHF.

Methods: This work was a retrospective cohort study.

Different Dosage Regimens of Rituximab in Primary Membranous Nephropathy Treatment: A Systematic Review.

Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is one of the prevalent pathological types of adult primary nephrotic syndrome. Pathogenic autoantibodies targeting podocyte antigens such as phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) lead to the disease. Patients frequently experience notable adverse effects when treated with conventional immunosuppressive therapies.

Effects of immunosuppressive therapy on renal prognosis in primary membranous nephropathy.

Background: Immunosuppressive therapy plays a crucial role in treating membranous nephropathy, with previous studies highlighting its benefits for patients with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Guidelines suggest that the management of membranous nephropathy should be tailored to individual risk levels. However, there is a lack of real-world studies examining the effects of immunosuppressive therapy on renal outcomes in PMN patients.

Causality between diabetes and membranous nephropathy: Mendelian randomization.

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN) has not yet been fully elucidated regarding its relationship with Type I and II Diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the causal effect of multiple types of diabetes and MN by summarizing the evidence from the Mendelian randomization (MR) study.

Methods: The statistical data for MN was obtained from a GWAS study encompassing 7979 individuals.

Central Angiotensin II type 1 receptor deficiency alleviates renal fibrosis by reducing sympathetic nerve discharge in nephrotoxic folic acid-induced chronic kidney disease.

Background: Fibrosis after nephrotoxic injury is common. Activation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are common mechanism of renal fibrosis. However, there have limited knowledge about which brain regions are most affected by Angiotensin II (Ang II) after nephrotoxic injury, what role does Angiotensin II type 1a receptors (AT1R) signaling play and how this affects the outcomes of the kidneys.

Inverse association between serum chloride levels and the risk of atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease patients.

Background: Electrolyte abnormalities are common symptoms of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but previous studies have mainly focussed on serum potassium and sodium levels. Chloride is an important biomarker for the prognosis of various diseases. However, the relationship between serum chloride levels and atrial fibrillation (AF) in CKD patients is unclear.

Inverse relationship between LDL-C/HDL-C ratio and atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease patients.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is more prevalent in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to the general population. While a potential inverse correlation between lipid levels and AF has been proposed, it remains unclear if this relationship applies to CKD patients. This study examined the connection between the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C/HDL-C) and the likelihood of AF in CKD patients.

Real-world effectiveness of early insulin therapy on the incidence of cardiovascular events in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Early insulin therapy is capable to achieve glycemic control and restore β-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), but its effect on cardiovascular outcomes in these patients remains unclear. In this nationwide real-world study, we analyzed electronic health record data from 19 medical centers across China between 1 January 2000, and 26 May 2022. We included 5424 eligible patients (mean age 56 years, 2176 women/3248 men) who were diagnosed T2D within six months and did not have prior cardiovascular disease.

Potential therapeutic targets for membranous nephropathy: proteome-wide Mendelian randomization and colocalization analysis.

Background: The currently available medications for treating membranous nephropathy (MN) still have unsatisfactory efficacy in inhibiting disease recurrence, slowing down its progression, and even halting the development of end-stage renal disease. There is still a need to develop novel drugs targeting MN.

Methods: We utilized summary statistics of MN from the Kiryluk Lab and obtained plasma protein data from Zheng et al.

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors vs Metformin for New-onset Dementia: A Propensity Score-matched Cohort Study.

Background: Hypoglycemic pharmacotherapy interventions for alleviating the risk of dementia remain controversial, particularly regarding dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors vs metformin. Our objective was to investigate whether the initiation of DPP4 inhibitors, as opposed to metformin, was linked to a reduced risk of dementia.

Methods: We included individuals with type 2 diabetes over 40 years old who were new users of DPP4 inhibitors or metformin in the Chinese Renal Disease Data System database between 2009 and 2020.