Metabolomics navigates natural variation in pathogen-induced secondary metabolism across soybean cultivar populations.

e-induced root rot poses a major threat to soybean production. While the molecular mechanisms underlying soybean- interactions have been extensively studied, their biochemical basis remains largely unexplored. Previous research has identified key metabolic modules involved in pathogen defense, but structural diversity has largely been constrained by studies on single soybean accessions.

Rhein Inhibits Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage of Alzheimer's Disease via Regulating the Glutamine-Aspartate-Arginine-NO Metabolic Pathway.

Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is a key driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, microglia are activated and trigger an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. Rhein, an anthraquinone compound extracted from rhubarb, has been shown to reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β in activated microglia.

Decoding the biochemical dialogue: metabolomic insights into soybean defense strategies against diverse pathogens.

Soybean, a crucial global leguminous crop, confronts persistent threats from diverse pathogens, exerting a profound impact on global yields. While genetic dimensions of soybean-pathogen interactions have garnered attention, the intricate biochemical responses remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we applied targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolite profiling to dissect the complex interplay between soybeans and five distinct pathogens.

Plastid-localized amino acid metabolism coordinates rice ammonium tolerance and nitrogen use efficiency.

Ammonium toxicity affecting plant metabolism and development is a worldwide problem impeding crop production. Remarkably, rice (Oryza sativa L.) favours ammonium as its major nitrogen source in paddy fields.

Phase-specific transcriptional patterns of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae unravel genes essential for asexual development and pathogenic processes.

Oomycetes are filamentous microorganisms easily mistaken as fungi but vastly differ in physiology, biochemistry, and genetics. This commonly-held misconception lead to a reduced effectiveness by using conventional fungicides to control oomycetes, thus it demands the identification of novel functional genes as target for precisely design oomycetes-specific microbicide. The present study initially analyzed the available transcriptome data of the model oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora sojae, and constructed an expression matrix of 10,953 genes across the stages of asexual development and host infection.

The daily caloric restriction and alternate-day fasting ameliorated lipid dysregulation in type 2 diabetic mice by downregulating hepatic pescadillo 1.

Purpose: A possible link between pescadillo 1 (PES1) and lipid metabolism has been reported. However, whether PES1 is involved in the effects of daily caloric restriction (CR) and alternate-day fasting (ADF) interventions on diabetes-related lipid dysregulation is not elucidated. The current study aims are to explore the role of PES1 in effects of CR and ADF on diabetic mice and related mechanism.

The Phytophthora effector Avh241 interacts with host NDR1-like proteins to manipulate plant immunity.

Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization. Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection, the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood. Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1)-like proteins, the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses, as host targets of Avh241.

Fg12 ribonuclease secretion contributes to Fusarium graminearum virulence and induces plant cell death.

Filamentous fungal pathogens secrete effectors that modulate host immunity and facilitate infection. Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen responsible for various devastating diseases. However, little is known about the function of effector proteins secreted by F.

Hepatic deficiency of Poldip2 in type 2 diabetes dampens lipid and glucose homeostasis.

Moderate or low level hydrogen peroxides has been shown to play an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function, in which the polymerase DNA-directed interacting protein 2 (Poldip2), functioned as a key regulator of NOX4 activity. In current study, we unexpectedly found that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) substantially suppresses the hepatic Poldip2 expression, and that the hepatic deficiency of Poldip2 may be correlated with dysregulation of hepatic cholesterol and plasma triglycerides. In cultured hepatocytes, we found that both insulin and leptin may inhibit hepatic expression of Poldip2 under high glucose concentration, but these suppressions were totally abolished under normoglycemic condition.

[Advance in brain-computer interface technology].

This paper introduces one of the young, energetic and rapidly growing research fields in biomedical engineering-Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, which can provide augmentative communication and control capabilities to patients with severe motor disabilities. We summarize the first two international meetings for BCI, and present the most typical research fruits. The problems in current studies and the direction for future investigation are analyzed.