Cuprizone-induced demyelination provokes abnormal intrinsic properties and excitatory synaptic transmission in the male mouse anterior cingulate cortex.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination in the CNS provokes hyperalgesia, negative emotions, and/or cognitive impairment. Cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination is a major demyelinating disease model for rodents.

The elevated open platform stress suppresses excitatory synaptic transmission in the layer V anterior cingulate cortex.

There are various forms of stress including; physical, psychological and social stress. Exposure to physical stress can lead to physical sensations (e.g.

Visualization of the localization of phospholipids in developing rat teeth by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is used to comprehensively visualize the spatial distribution of numerous biomolecules. The present study was designed to investigate the distribution of phospholipids in developing rat teeth by IMS to identify the characteristic phospholipid molecules for tooth development, and to evaluate the suitability of tissue preparation methods. Rats at postnatal day 3 were euthanized, and the resected head specimens were either fixed or not fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), and decalcified or not decalcified in 10% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) before being frozen.

The Anterior Cingulate Cortex is Critical for Acute Stress-induced Hypersensitivity in Mice.

Stress can be categorized according to physical, psychological and social factors. Exposure to stress produces stress-induced hypersensitivity and forms negative emotions such as anxiety and depression. For example, acute physical stress induced by the elevated open platform (EOP) causes prolonged mechanical hypersensitivity.

Spatial distribution of the Shannon entropy for mass spectrometry imaging.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) allows us to visualize the spatial distribution of molecular components in a sample. A large amount of mass spectrometry data comprehensively provides molecular distributions. In this study, we focus on the information in the obtained data and use the Shannon entropy as a quantity to analyze MSI data.

TRPA1 as a O sensor detects microenvironmental hypoxia in the mice anterior cingulate cortex.

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a member of the TRP channel family and is expressed in peripheral and central nervous systems. In the periphery, TRPA1 senses cold and pain. However, the functions of TRPA1 in the CNS are unclear.

Biosynthetic Gene Expression and Tissue Distribution of Diosgenin in .

Diosgenin is an aglycone of dioscin, a major bioactive steroidal saponin found in plants, including Himalayan Paris (), fenugreek (), and yam ( spp.). We have previously demonstrated that a species of natural yam, , contains a promising bioactive compound diosgenin, which induces anti-carcinogenic and anti-hypertriacylglycerolemic activities.

Proteomic profile of nuclei containing p62-positive inclusions in a patient with neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.

Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by eosinophilic hyaline intranuclear inclusions in the neurons, glial cells, and other somatic cells. Although CGG repeat expansions in NOTCH2NLC have been identified in most East Asian patients with NIID, the pathophysiology of NIID remains unclear. Ubiquitin- and p62-positive intranuclear inclusions are the pathological hallmark of NIID.

Changes of Mass Spectra Patterns on a Brain Tissue Section Revealed by Deep Learning with Imaging Mass Spectrometry Data.

The characteristic patterns of mass spectra in imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) strongly reflect the tissue environment. However, the boundaries formed where different tissue environments collide have not been visually assessed. In this study, IMS and convolutional neural network (CNN), one of the deep learning methods, were applied to the extraction of characteristic mass spectra patterns from training brain regions on rodents' brain sections.

Intrauterine Hyponutrition Reduces Fetal Testosterone Production and Postnatal Sperm Count in the Mouse.

Background: Although intrauterine hyponutrition is regarded as a risk factor for the development of "testicular dysgenesis syndrome" (TDS) in the human, underlying mechanism(s) remain largely unknown.

Methods: To clarify the underlying mechanism(s), we fed vaginal plug-positive C57BL/6N female mice with regular food ad libitum throughout the pregnant course (control females) (C-females) or with 50% of the mean daily intake of the C-females from 6.5 dpc (calorie-restricted females) (R-females), and compared male reproductive findings between 17.

Thiazoline-related innate fear stimuli orchestrate hypothermia and anti-hypoxia via sensory TRPA1 activation.

Thiazoline-related innate fear-eliciting compounds (tFOs) orchestrate hypothermia, hypometabolism, and anti-hypoxia, which enable survival in lethal hypoxic conditions. Here, we show that most of these effects are severely attenuated in transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (Trpa1) knockout mice. TFO-induced hypothermia involves the Trpa1-mediated trigeminal/vagal pathways and non-Trpa1 olfactory pathway.

Mass spectrometry imaging reveals glycine distribution in the developing and adult mouse brain.

Glycine is an important amino acid in the central nervous system. The aberrant conditions of glycine concentrations cause sever neurological disorders, such as nonketotic-hyperglycinemia (NKH), also known as glycine encephalopathy. Therefore, a better understanding of its relative abundance and distribution in the developing and adult brains would provide insights into the pathogeneses of this kind of disorders.

Imaging mass spectrometry to visualise increased acetylcholine in lungs of asthma model mice.

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a crucial neurotransmitter that is involved in airway constriction. In fact, excessive ACh binding to M3 muscarinic receptor leads to airflow obstruction via smooth muscle contraction. Previous studies have suggested cholinergic malfunction in the pathogenesis of asthma; however, the distribution and abundance of ACh in asthmatic lungs remain unclear because of the challenges of imaging ACh in lung tissue.

Region-specific effects of Scrapper on the abundance of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in the mouse brain.

The brain consists of various areas with anatomical features. Neurons communicate with one another via excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission. Altered abundance of neurotransmitters, including glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in specific brain regions is closely involved in severe neurological diseases, such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Dietary Intake of Green Nut Oil or DHA Ameliorates DHA Distribution in the Brain of a Mouse Model of Dementia Accompanied by Memory Recovery.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, has significant healthbenefits. Previous studies reported decreased levels of DHA and DHA-containing phosphatidylcholines inthe brain of animals suffering from Alzheimer's disease, the most common type of dementia; furthermore,DHA supplementation has been found to improve brain DHA levels and memory efficiency in dementia. Oilextracted from the seeds of (green nut oil; GNO) is also expected to have DHA like effectsas it contains approximately 50% α-linolenic acid, a precursor of DHA.

N-3 fatty acids modulate repeated stress-evoked pain chronicity.

N-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have a beneficial effect in both pain and psychiatric disorders. In fact, we previously reported that stress-induced pain prolongation might be mediated through the suppression of the G-protein coupled-receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 (GPR40/FFAR1), which is activated by DHA and long-chain fatty acids. However, the involvement of GPR40/FFAR1 ligands in the development of stress-induced chronic pain has not yet been described.

Visualization of local phosphatidylcholine synthesis within hippocampal neurons using a compartmentalized culture system and imaging mass spectrometry.

Neurons extend neurites with an increased synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) that is not only a membrane component but also a functional regulator with specific fatty acid composition. To analyze the local synthesis of the PC molecular species within neurons, we combined a compartmentalized culture system with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). We observed that a newly synthesized PC, which contains exogenously administered palmitic acid-d, is accumulated at the cell bodies and the tips of the distal neurites.

SCRAPPER Selectively Contributes to Spontaneous Release and Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

SCRAPPER is an E3 ubiquitin ligase expressed in presynaptic terminals, neural cell body, and dendrites of the hippocampus and cortex, which is coded by the gene. SCRAPPER is known to regulate synaptic transmissions and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus, but no report is available for the cortex. Here we show genetic evidence for critical roles of SCRAPPER in excitatory transmission and presynaptic LTP (pre-LTP) of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a critical cortical region for pain, anxiety, and fear.

Sulfatide species with various fatty acid chains in oligodendrocytes at different developmental stages determined by imaging mass spectrometry.

HSO3-3-galactosylceramide (Sulfatide) species comprise the major glycosphingolipid components of oligodendrocytes and myelin and play functional roles in the regulation of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin formation. Although various sulfatide species contain different fatty acids, it is unclear how these sulfatide species affect oligodendrogenesis and myelination. The O4 monoclonal antibody reaction with sulfatide has been widely used as a useful marker for oligodendrocytes and myelin.

Involvement of Brain-Enriched Guanylate Kinase-Associated Protein (BEGAIN) in Chronic Pain after Peripheral Nerve Injury.

Maintenance of neuropathic pain caused by peripheral nerve injury crucially depends on the phosphorylation of GluN2B, a subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, at Tyr1472 (Y1472) and subsequent formation of a postsynaptic density (PSD) complex of superficial spinal dorsal horn neurons. Here we took advantage of comparative proteomic analysis based on isobaric stable isotope tags (iTRAQ) between wild-type and knock-in mice with a mutation of Y1472 to Phe of GluN2B (Y1472F-KI) to search for PSD proteins in the spinal dorsal horn that mediate the signaling downstream of phosphorylated Y1472 GluN2B. Among several candidate proteins, we focused on brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein (BEGAIN), which was specifically up-regulated in wild-type mice after spared nerve injury (SNI).