The Beck Depression Inventory-II scores of adults with type 1 diabetes in Japan: Analysis using the Juntendo-Aso Type 1 Diabetes (JAT-1) Cohort.

Introduction: Depressive tendencies associated with difficulty in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D) could hinder appropriate intervention. Factors related to depressive tendencies in Japan remain unclear, though recent advances in medication may have affected them.

Materials And Methods: Three hundred and fifty-two Japanese patients with T1D registered in the Juntendo-Aso Type 1 (JAT-1) Diabetes Cohort Study were divided into two groups based on depressive tendencies assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory-II score.

Clinical Use of Once-Weekly Insulin Icodec: Translating Clinical Trial Data into Practical Guidance for Diabetes Management.

Insulin icodec (icodec) is a first-in-class once-weekly basal insulin approved for the treatment of adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Healthcare professionals (HCPs) may benefit from clear and practical guidance on translating the use of icodec from a controlled clinical trial setting into real-world clinical practice to ensure its appropriate implementation. Here, we primarily review the available evidence for icodec in T2D to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations and expert opinions to guide the use of icodec in a clinical setting.

Pancreatic β-cell Dysfunction and Diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes continues to increase globally, posing a pressing issue for healthcare. Diabetes is primarily characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from an absolute or relative deficiency in insulin activity, and is associated with systemic micro- and macro-vascular complications. Although diabetes encompasses multiple pathophysiological conditions based on its underlying mechanisms, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction is a common feature.

Age-related differences in bone structural parameters using 3D-DXA and TBS in men and women: The Bunkyo Health Study.

Background: Recent advancements in imaging technology, including trabecular bone score (TBS) and 3D-DXA, enable comprehensive bone structure assessment beyond traditional bone mineral density (BMD) measurements in osteoporosis. However, age-related differences in bone structure remain unclear.

Method: Using data from the Bunkyo Health Study, we analyzed bone structural parameters in 1372 participants (662 men, 710 women) for the proximal femur and 1053 participants (500 men, 553 women) for the lumbar spine, aged 65-84 years.

White Matter Microstructure Alterations in Older Adults With Dyslipidemia Associated With Cognitive and Locomotor Dysfunction Evaluated Using Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging.

Introduction: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown white matter (WM) microstructural alterations in individuals with dyslipidemia; however, DTI indices are not specific to WM pathology. However, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) provides more specific measurements of WM microstructure. This study aimed to evaluate dyslipidemia-related WM microstructure alterations and their association with cognitive and motor functions using NODDI.

Development of Modified Japanese Versions of Questionnaires to Assess Physical and Cognitively Stimulating Activities.

Introduction: Lifestyle factors such as physical and cognitively stimulating activities may protect against various diseases. However, only a few simple and validated questionnaires assess the lifestyle factors in Japan. Thus, we aimed to create Japanese versions of such questionnaires for assessing physical and cognitively stimulating activities.

Advance Insulin Injection Technique and Education With FITTER Forward Expert Recommendations.

Injectable insulin therapy is a valuable therapeutic option for millions of people with diabetes worldwide. However, many people with diabetes undergoing insulin therapy experience suboptimal outcomes and/or have complications because of inadequate injection technique and training. Practical, current, evidence-based recommendations are mandatory for primary care practitioners and diabetes specialists alike to address unmet needs in insulin injection technique, education, and consequent outcomes.

Long-term efficacy and safety of early sitagliptin initiation in individuals with type 2 diabetes: an extension of the SPIKE study.

Aims/instruction: We previously demonstrated that sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, slowed down the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes participants who were treated with insulin and had no history of cardiovascular disease in the Sitagliptin Preventive study of Intima-Media Thickness Evaluation (SPIKE) trial. This was an extension of the SPIKE trial that examined if early sitagliptin initiation improved long-term cardiovascular outcomes.

Materials And Methods: In the SPIKE trial, 282 participants were randomized to either sitagliptin or conventional treatment to examine the effects of sitagliptin on carotid atherosclerosis.

Association between cognitive function and relaxation rates of the cerebral cortex.

Objective: We aimed to elucidate the correlation between cognitive function and relaxation rates of the cerebral cortex in the early stages of cognitive decline.

Methods: Brain MRI was performed on 97 community-dwelling elderly participants aged 65-84 years. R1 (1/T1) and R2 (1/T2) maps were obtained with synthetic MRI (SyMRI).

Relationship of carbohydrate intake proportion to cardiovascular events in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: It remains largely unknown whether a low-carbohydrate diet is associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, and also if low-carbohydrate diets consisting of different nutrients could have different effects on these outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: This prospective observational study investigated which lifestyle habits were associated with an increased risk of health outcomes.

Methods: The study participants comprised 731 Japanese outpatients with type 2 diabetes and no evident cardiovascular disease history.

Insulin Resistance-related Gray Matter Volume Reduction is Associated with the Default Mode Network.

In this study, we observed that insulin resistance is linked to a reduction in grey matter volume in the default-mode and limbic networks of the cerebral cortex in older adults. Additionally, we found that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is significantly functionally connected to these two cortical networks. Our results suggest that the reduction in gray matter volume associated with insulin resistance arises through metabolic homeostasis mechanisms in the hypothalamus.

Association of Glycaemia Risk Index With Indices of Atherosclerosis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aims: This study determined the association of the glycaemia risk index (GRI), a novel comprehensive metric derived from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods: We evaluated the relationship between GRI and intima-media thickness (IMT), gray-scale median (GSM), tissue characteristics of the carotid artery wall, and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), using baseline data from a multicenter prospective cohort study of 1000 Japanese patients with T2DM free of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Results: The study subjects were 999 patients (age: 64.

Influence of therapeutic inorganic iodine on long-term prognosis of Graves' disease: a multicenter prospective observational study.

Inorganic iodine has long been used as a treatment for Graves' disease. It is currently a treatment option for mild Graves' disease, but there have been no data suggesting the validity of continuing low-dose iodine treatment after improvement in thyrotoxicosis. For this prospective observational study, we recruited patients with Graves' disease treated only with low-dose iodine (potassium iodine ≤25 mg/day).

Effect of sampling rate during dynamic myocardial CT perfusion on coronary flow reserve and ischemia analysis.

Radiation dose is a major concern in dynamic myocardial CT perfusion scan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reducing the sampling rate on quantitative and semi-quantitative values. This single-center prospective study included 45 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age, 58 ± 10 years [SD]; 30 men).

Factors Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Older Japanese With Similar Genetic Risk Scores: The Bunkyo Health Study.

Context: Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous single-nucleotide variations (SNVs, formerly single-nucleotide polymorphisms) linked to type 2 diabetes (T2D), thus improving the accuracy of genetic risk scores (GRS) in predicting T2D.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between the novel GRS and the prevalence of T2D and clarify the characteristics that differentiate individuals with and without T2D with similar genetic risk.

Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 1610 Japanese individuals aged 65 to 84 years.

The Up-to-date Treatment for Diabetes and Prevention of its Complications.

Diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood glucose due to inadequate insulin action, comprises two main types: type 1, an autoimmune disease, and type 2, marked by insulin resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of diabetes management and treatment advancements. Effective diabetes management includes maintaining blood glucose levels within normal ranges and monitoring HbA1c, a marker reflecting average glucose levels over the past few months.

Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients receiving imeglimin in combination with metformin: A post-hoc analysis of imeglimin clinical trial data.

Introduction: An increased rate of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is reported in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving imeglimin plus metformin vs monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. This post-hoc analysis explored GI symptom incidence, risk factors for their occurrence, and the impact on therapeutic efficacy during imeglimin and metformin combination therapy.

Materials And Methods: Data were derived from the 52-week, open-label, phase 3 TIMES-2 trial in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients.

Investigation of predictors of latent visual impairment in patients with sellar lesions.

Objective: Patients with sellar lesions compressing the optic nerve sometimes perceive visual improvement after lesion resection, despite the absence of visual impairment on preoperative ophthalmological examination. This study investigated the indicators of latent visual impairment in patients with sellar lesions.

Methods: Forty-five patients who underwent surgery for sellar lesions compressing the optic nerve with no preoperative visual abnormalities and no change in visual assessment between pre- and postoperative ophthalmological examinations were divided into two groups: 1) patients who perceived recovery of visual function after lesion resection (the improved group), and 2) patients who did not (the unaffected group).

Obesity with low bone mineral density is a risk for cerebral small-vessel disease in older adults: The Bunkyo Health Study.

Background: Cerebral small-vessel disease (cSVD), a key risk factor for stroke and dementia, has been linked to obesity and low bone mineral density (BMD). While obesity and low BMD are often inversely related, their coexistence may increase cSVD risk. We aimed to assess the prevalence of obesity and low BMD coexistence and its association with increased cSVD prevalence.

Decreased Water Diffusivity Along the Perivascular Space in Older Adults With Poor Sleep Quality.

This study included 52 Japanese older adults with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores > 5 and 52 healthy controls (HCs) with PSQI score ≤ 5. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and 3D T1-weighted imaging were acquired using 3T magnetic resonance imaging. The diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index was calculated using preprocessed DWI.

Association between exercise habits in adolescence and old age and the risk of mild cognitive impairment: the Bunkyo health study.

Background: Exercise in adolescence and old age improves cognitive function in older adults, but the combined effect of exercise habits in both periods is controversial. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between exercise habits in adolescence and old age and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to compare regional brain volumes and blood biochemical markers associated with cognitive function in older adults.

Methods: Baseline data of 1615 participants aged 65-84 years from the Bunkyo Health Study were analyzed.

One step closer to solving the mystery of the anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are antidiabetic drugs that possess a suppressive effect on the progression of atherosclerosis, and it has been thought that their anti-inflammatory effect is involved in their effect, but the detailed mechanism was unknown. Recently, Ben Nasr and colleagues have proposed easily understood mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists. They discovered that some normal T cells express GLP-1 receptors on their cell membranes and showed that GLP-1 has an inhibitory effect on T-cell function.