Continuous glucose monitoring system in diabetes in pregnancy: a narrative review.

Diabetes in pregnancy increases maternal and fetal risks as well as the burden of chronic complications and comorbidities associated with this condition. In addition to HbA1c and blood glucose monitoring (BGM), continuous glucose monitoring systems (CGM) provide a complementary tool that enables comprehensive glycemic assessments and improves glycemic control. This review highlights the clinical value of CGM in the management of diabetes in pregnancy, encompassing type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but also early GDM.

Glucose alarms approach with flash glucose monitoring system: a narrative review of clinical benefits.

Attaining an adequate glycemic control has been associated with a better prognosis and with a reduction in the risk of developing long-term microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been shown to improve glycemic control and reduce blood glucose variability. Furthermore, CGM is associated with greater treatment adherence and higher satisfaction.

Advance Insulin Injection Technique and Education With FITTER Forward Expert Recommendations.

Injectable insulin therapy is a valuable therapeutic option for millions of people with diabetes worldwide. However, many people with diabetes undergoing insulin therapy experience suboptimal outcomes and/or have complications because of inadequate injection technique and training. Practical, current, evidence-based recommendations are mandatory for primary care practitioners and diabetes specialists alike to address unmet needs in insulin injection technique, education, and consequent outcomes.

Insulin Efsitora versus Degludec in Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin Treatment.

Background: Insulin efsitora alfa (efsitora) is a new basal insulin designed for once-weekly administration. Data on safety and efficacy have been limited to small, phase 1 or phase 2 trials.

Methods: We conducted a 52-week, phase 3, parallel-design, open-label, treat-to-target trial involving adults with type 2 diabetes who had not previously received insulin.

Achieving Normoglycemia With Tirzepatide: Analysis of SURPASS 1-4 Trials.

Objective: Tirzepatide is a novel single-molecule glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, which demonstrated unprecedented improvements in glycemic control and body weight reduction, in the SURPASS phase 3 program. In this exploratory analysis, we aimed to characterize tirzepatide-treated participants who achieved HbA1c <5.7% and evaluate changes in clinical markers associated with long-term cardiometabolic health.

GLP-1 Agonist to Treat Obesity and Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: What Have We Achieved so Far?

Purpose Of Review: To discuss evidence supporting the use of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) to treat obesity and their role as a cardioprotective drug. Obesity is not just a hypertrophy of the adipose tissue because it may become dysfunctional and inflamed resulting in increased insulin resistance. Being overweight is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular events and weight loss achieved through lifestyle changes lowers risk factors, but has no clear effect on cardiovascular outcomes.

Decentralized COVID-19 measures in Brazil were ineffective to protect people with diabetes.

Background And Aims: COVID-19 severity and mortality are elevated in individuals with diabetes. During the pandemic, interventions recommended globally for people with diabetes were to keep blood glucose on target whilst staying at home to curb the spread of the virus. In Brazil, similar measures were proposed.

The impact of COVID-19 on people with diabetes in Brazil.

Unlabelled: The present study aims at identifying main barriers faced by people living with diabetes in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: In a convenience sampling study, data were collected from 1701 individuals, aged 18 or above; 75.54% female participants; 60.

Time in range: a new parameter to evaluate blood glucose control in patients with diabetes.

The International Consensus in Time in Range (TIR) was recently released and defined the concept of the time spent in the target range between 70 and 180 mg/dL while reducing time in hypoglycemia, for patients using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). TIR was validated as an outcome measures for clinical Trials complementing other components of glycemic control like Blood glucose and HbA1c. The challenge is to implement this practice more widely in countries with a limited health public and private budget as it occurs in Brazil.

Basal insulin persistence in Brazilian participants with T2DM.

Objective: Real-world effectiveness of basal insulin therapy is affected by poor treatment persistence, often occurring soon after initiation. This analysis is part of an international cross-sectional study conducted in T2DM patients and is intended to describe the reasons behind non-persistence to insulin therapy in Brasil.

Methods: Responders to an online survey in seven countries were classified as continuers (no gap of ≥7 days), interrupters (interrupted therapy for ≥7 days within first 6 months, then restarted), and discontinuers (terminated therapy for ≥7 days within first 6 months, and did not start it again before the survey).

Improving the school experience of children with diabetes: Evaluation of the KiDS project.

Background: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) launched the Kids and Diabetes in School (KiDS) project in collaboration with the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and Sanofi Diabetes to inform and teach school staff, children and parents on the management of diabetes in school. Brazil and India were chosen as pilot countries.

Methods: The evaluation was conducted using a qualitative methodology using semi-structured face to face in-depth interviews.

"KiDS and Diabetes in Schools" project: Experience with an international educational intervention among parents and school professionals.

Background: Although it is known that school care is a major challenge in diabetes treatment, there is still no published international initiative.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce an international educational intervention tool, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) KiDS and Diabetes in Schools project (KiDS project), and to describe its impact on diabetes knowledge and behavior of caregivers and school professionals.

Methods: The KiDS project was developed with the support of IDF and the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes and provides online free material in 10 languages, directed to caregivers and school personnel.

Sleep and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Our aim in the present study was to elucidate how type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and sleep parameters interact, which was rarely evaluated up to the moment.

Materials And Methods: Eighteen T1DM subjects without chronic complications, and 9 control subjects, matched for age and BMI, were studied. The following instruments used to evaluate sleep: the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, sleep diaries, actimeters, and polysomnography in a Sleep Lab.

Type 2 diabetes in Brazil: epidemiology and management.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most important epidemic diseases in the world this century, and accounts for 90% of cases of diabetes globally. Brazil is one of the most important examples of the alarming picture of T2DM in emergent societies, being the country with the fourth largest number of people with diabetes. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on diabetes in Brazil, specifically looking at the epidemiology and management of T2DM.

Aging, diabetes, and hypertension are associated with decreased nasal mucociliary clearance.

Background: We showed previously that nasal mucociliary clearance was decreased in critically ill elderly subjects, most of whom had diabetes mellitus (DM) and/or hypertension (HTN). To determine if these changes were due to the effects of aging, disease, or critical illness, we studied nasal mucociliary clearance and mucus properties in an ambulatory population consisting of young, elderly, and healthy subjects and those with DM, HTN, or both.

Methods: Of 440 subjects contacted, 252 entered the study.

[Does brittle diabetes exist as a clinical entity?].

The best comprehension about the instability of the glycemia levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients and the availability of new alternatives to successfully control it, like insulin pump therapy and the insulin analogues, underlined the questions about the brittle diabetes existence as a clinical entity as well as the necessity of define it. The aim of this article was to describe the concept of brittle diabetes in the light of the latest advances in the treatment of type 1 diabetes and propose objective criteria to evaluate the level of glucose liability.

[Islet transplantation as a clinical tool: present state and future perspectives].

Islet transplant is an innovative treatment for type 1 diabetic patients, which still lies between experimental and approved transplant therapy. Islet cells are seeded in a non-physiological territory where an uncertain fraction will be able to adapt and survive. Thus, the challenge lies in improving the whole procedure, employing the tools of cell biology, immunology and laboratory techniques, in order to reach the results obtained with whole organ transplant.

[Pancreas and islet transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus].

Pancreas and kidney transplants have specific indications, benefits and risks. The procedure has become more common and more often as long-term success has improved and risks have decreased. Compared with a patient being on dialysis, simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant offers a distinct advantage when it comes to mortality, quality of life and diabetic complications.