Scoring Physician Risk Communication in Prostate Cancer Using Large Language Models.

Effective risk communication is essential to shared decision-making in prostate cancer care. However, the quality of physician communication of key tradeoffs varies widely in real-world consultations. Manual evaluation of communication is labor-intensive and not scalable.

Mechanistic Roles of Microplastics in the Phototransformation of Silver Ions in Aquatic Environments.

The role of microplastics (MPs) in transforming coexisting contaminants in aquatic environments is poorly understood. Herein, the mediation of polystyrene (PS) MPs on the phototransformation of silver ions (Ag) was investigated. Ag-based nanoparticles (21.

Autism spectrum disorders and childhood caries: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the causal relationships between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) (excluding ASD and Asperger's syndrome [AS]) and childhood caries (primary teeth and permanent teeth).

Methods: We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis by utilizing summary-level data of ASD and PDD (excluding ASD and AS) as exposures, and childhood caries (primary teeth and permanent teeth) as outcomes.

Results: The results showed that PDD (excluding ASD and AS) to be causally associated with caries in permanent teeth according to the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.

Automated Insomnia Phenotyping from Electronic Health Records: Leveraging Large Language Models to Decode Clinical Narratives.

Insomnia is a highly prevalent but often underdiagnosed condition in clinical practice. Its inconsistent documentation in electronic health records (EHRs) limits population-level analyses and obstructs efforts to evaluate treatment patterns or outcomes. We present a novel, fully automated approach for phenotyping insomnia directly from unstructured clinical notes using generative large language models (LLMs).

Diagnostic value of a novel automated simultaneous amplification and testing method in pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical diagnostic ability of automated simultaneous amplification and testing (AutoSAT) method in suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) by comparing with Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert) method against the composite reference standard.

Method: Patients with suspected PTB or EPTB were enrolled consecutively from two provincial tuberculosis designated hospitals between August 2022 and December 2023. Clinical specimens were collected for routine clinical tests and AutoSAT.

Level-Ground and Stair Adaptation for Hip Exoskeletons Based on Continuous Locomotion Mode Perception.

Hip exoskeleton can provide assistance to users to augment movements in different scenarios. The assistive control for hip exoskeleton involves the interactions among exoskeleton, user, and environment, which depends on the environment perception (to predict locomotion) to design control strategy combined with gait mode and so on. Current exoskeleton control still needs to be improved in adaptation to continuous locomotion mode and different users.

Meticulous Design of High-Polarity Interface Material for FACsPbI Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency of 26.47.

Designing new interface materials with the multifunctions of upper film crystallization control, interfacial defects passivation, and interfacial energy level regulation is crucial for developing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a high polarity interfacial material, 2-cyano-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CNCB), was synthesized to engineer the buried interface between SnO and perovskite of the PSCs. Comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigations demonstrate that CNCB interacts with perovskite precursors (PbI and FAI) to regulate crystallization kinetics, yielding perovskite films with preferred orientation and reduced defects.

Mining Social Media Data for Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Using a Large Language Model and Chain-of-Thought Prompting.

Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation plays a critical role in public health decision-making by quantifying the real-world impact of vaccination campaigns and guiding policy adjustments. Current approaches to VE estimation are constrained by limited population representation, selection bias, and delayed reporting. To address some of these gaps, we propose leveraging large language models (LLMs) with few-shot chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting to mine social media data for real-time influenza VE estimation.

Responses of different species of marine microalgae and their community to gear-derived microplastics.

The impact of gear-derived microplastics (MPs) on microalgal community stability is unknown. In this work, three types of gear-derived MPs were obtained from floats, pallets, and tires. After exposure to individual microalgal species (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Chlorella vulgaris, Isochrysis galbana), small-sized MPs (22 μm) exhibited stronger toxicity than large-sized MPs (135 μm), and the toxicity was MPs concentration independent.

A Triphenylamine-Functionalized Co-Assembly Material for Record Efficiency Inverted CsPbI Perovskite Solar Cells.

The precise regulation of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) distribution and interfacial modification is pivotal for advancing the performance of p-i-n inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a new co-assembly material, 4-(aminomethyl)-N,N-diphenylaniline iodide (TPAI), is developed to make SAM orderly assembled. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation and sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy reveal that TPAI binds with SAM via π-π interactions, effectively suppressing SAM aggregation and enhancing the orderliness of self-assembly.

Leveraging Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning Methods for Adverse Drug Event Detection in Electronic Health/Medical Records: A Scoping Review.

Background: Natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) techniques may help harness unstructured free-text electronic health record (EHR) data to detect adverse drug events (ADEs) and thus improve pharmacovigilance. However, evidence of their real-world effectiveness remains unclear.

Objective: To summarise the evidence on the effectiveness of NLP/ML in detecting ADEs from unstructured EHR data and ultimately improve pharmacovigilance in comparison to other data sources.

Successive Reactions of Trimethylgermanium Chloride to Achieve > 26% Efficiency MA-Free Perovskite Solar Cell With 3000-Hour Unattenuated Operation.

The rapidly increased efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) indicates their broad commercial prospects, but the commercialization of perovskite faces complex optimization processes and stability issues. In this work, a simple optimized strategy is developed by the addition of trimethylgermanium chloride (TGC) into FACsPbI precursor solution. TGC triggers the successive interactions in perovskite solution and film, involving the hydrolysis of vulnerable Ge─Cl bond forming Ge─OH group, then forming the hydrogen bonds (O─H···N and O─H···I) with FAI.

A New Heavy-Duty Bearing Degradation Evaluation Method with Multi-Domain Features.

Under heavy load conditions, bearings are subjected to non-uniform and frequently changing loads, which leads to randomness in the spatial distribution of bearing degradation characteristics. Aiming at the problem that the traditional degradation index cannot accurately reflect the degradation state of heavy-duty bearings in the whole life cycle, a new degradation evaluation method based on multi-domain features is proposed in this paper, which aims to capture the early degradation point of heavy-duty bearings and characterize their degradation trend. Firstly, the energy entropy feature is obtained by improving the wavelet packet decomposition, and the original multi-domain feature set is constructed by combining the time domain and frequency domain features.

Degradation of molybdenum disulfide through cascade reactions with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous system.

Transformation is a crucial process determining the lifespan and risk of MoS nanomaterial during usage and after disposal. This study revealed the degradation of MoS in the presence of HO using experimental and computational methods. Experimental results showed that MoS nanosheets were degraded by 45.

25.71 %-Efficiency FACsPbI Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by A Thiourea-based Isomer.

Various isomers have been developed to regulate the morphology and reduce defects in state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To insight the structure-function-effect correlations for the isomerization of thiourea derivatives on the performance of the PSCs, we developed two thiourea derivatives [(3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino]thiourea (AT) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazinecarbothioamide (HB). Supported by experimental and calculated results, it was found that AT can bind with undercoordinated Pb defect through synergistic interaction between N1 and C=S group with a defect formation energy of 1.

Comparison of efficacies of different treatments for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease in Anhui Province, China.

Introduction: Although nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection is a common cause of pulmonary disease worldwide, few studies have focused on epidemiological and therapeutic factors related to NTM cases in Anhui Province, China. This retrospective study aimed to identify aetiological and clinical factors, and treatment outcomes of patients with NTM pulmonary disease (NTMPD) in Anhui.

Methodology: Retrospective clinical data obtained from medical records of NTMPD patients seeking care at Anhui Chest Hospital from July 2019 to June 2022 were analyzed.

Glycol Monomethyl Ether-Substituted Carbazolyl Hole-Transporting Material for Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency of 25.52 .

Organic self-assembled molecules (OSAMs) based hole-transporting materials play a pivotal role in achieving highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs). However, the reported carbazol-based OSAMs have serious drawbacks, such as poor wettability for perovskite solution spreading due to the nonpolar surface, worse matched energy arrangement with perovskite, and limited molecular species, which greatly limit the device performance. To address above problems, a novel OSAM [4-(3,6-glycol monomethyl ether-9H-carbazol-9-yl) butyl]phosphonic acid (GM-4PACz) was synthesized as hole-transporting material by introducing glycol monomethyl ether (GM) side chains at carbazolyl unit.

Overview of the 8th Social Media Mining for Health Applications (#SMM4H) shared tasks at the AMIA 2023 Annual Symposium.

Objective: The aim of the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (#SMM4H) shared tasks is to take a community-driven approach to address the natural language processing and machine learning challenges inherent to utilizing social media data for health informatics. In this paper, we present the annotated corpora, a technical summary of participants' systems, and the performance results.

Methods: The eighth iteration of the #SMM4H shared tasks was hosted at the AMIA 2023 Annual Symposium and consisted of 5 tasks that represented various social media platforms (Twitter and Reddit), languages (English and Spanish), methods (binary classification, multi-class classification, extraction, and normalization), and topics (COVID-19, therapies, social anxiety disorder, and adverse drug events).

Crystallization Regulation by Self-Assembling Liquid Crystal Template Enables Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

It is found that the disordered growth of bottom perovskite film deteriorates the buried interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), so developing a new material to modify the buried interface for regulating the crystal growth and defect passivation is an effective approach for improving the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Here, we developed a new ionic liquid crystal (ILC, 1-Dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) as both crystal regulator and defect passivator to modify the buried interface of PSCs. The high lattice matching between this ILC and perovskite promotes preferential growth of perovskite film along [001] direction, while the oriented ILC with mesomorphic phase has a strong chemical interaction with perovskite to passivate the interface defect, as a result, the modified buried interface exhibits suppressed defects, improved band alignment, reduced nonradiative recombination losses, and enhanced charge extraction.

Automatic Extraction of Medication Mentions from Tweets-Overview of the BioCreative VII Shared Task 3 Competition.

This study presents the outcomes of the shared task competition BioCreative VII (Task 3) focusing on the extraction of medication names from a Twitter user's publicly available tweets (the user's 'timeline'). In general, detecting health-related tweets is notoriously challenging for natural language processing tools. The main challenge, aside from the informality of the language used, is that people tweet about any and all topics, and most of their tweets are not related to health.

25.24%-Efficiency FACsPbI Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Intermolecular Esterification Reaction of DL-Carnitine Hydrochloride.

Judicious tailoring of the interface between the SnO electron-transport layer and the perovskite buried surface plays a pivotal role in obtaining highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a DL-carnitine hydrochloride (DL) is incorporated into the perovskite/SnO interface to suppress the defect-states density. A DL-dimer is obtained at the interface by an intermolecular esterification reaction.

21.15%-Efficiency and Stable γ -CsPbI Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by an Acyloin Ligand.

Cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI ) is a promising light-absorbing material for constructing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its favorable bandgap and thermal tolerance. However, the high density of defects in the CsPbI film not only act as recombination centers, but also facilitate ion migration, leading to lower PCE and inferior stability compared with the state-of-the-art organic-inorganic hybrid PSC counterpart. Theoretical analyses suggest that the effective suppression of defects in CsPbI film is helpful for improving the device performance.