Diagnostic Performance of ChatGPT-4o in Analyzing Oral Mucosal Lesions: A Comparative Study with Experts.

this pilot study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ChatGPT-4o in analyzing oral mucosal lesions from clinical images. : a total of 110 clinical images, including 100 pathological lesions and 10 healthy mucosal images, were retrieved from Google Images and analyzed by ChatGPT-4o using a standardized prompt. An expert panel of five clinicians established a reference diagnosis, categorizing lesions as benign or malignant.

Antifungal Agents in the 21st Century: Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) represent a growing global health threat, particularly for immunocompromised populations, with mortality exceeding 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite their clinical and economic burden-costing billions in healthcare expenditures-fungal infections remain underprioritized in public health agendas.

All-cause and Cause-specific Mortality in People With HIV in Italy in 1997-2022: Data From the Icona Cohort.

Background: Understanding the evolution and dynamics of deaths in people with HIV (PWH) is crucial to tailor interventions aiming at improving PWH long-term well-being. We aimed to assess all-cause and cause-specific mortality in PWH in Italy.

Methods: PWH enrolled before antiretroviral start from Icona cohort (78 Italian HIV clinics) between 1997 and 2021 (last observation December 2022) were included.

Tuberculosis-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy: A Challenging Case Scenario in a Non-Endemic Country.

: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a significant global health challenge; although low-middle income countries carry the heaviest burden, its diagnosis and treatment can be challenging in any country. The clinical picture can be complex and vary from person to person, with autoimmune complications that can hinder TB diagnosis and treatment. : We report the case of a 38-year-old man from Bangladesh who had recently arrived in Italy through the Balkan route.

Risk of clinical events in virologically suppressed people with HIV switching to a two-drug regimen vs. remaining on a three-drug regimen: a target trial emulation.

Background: Guidelines support the switch to a two-drug regimen (2DR) in virologically suppressed people with HIV (PWH) on a three-drug regimen (3DR). Randomized clinical trials have not included clinical outcomes in study endpoints. We provide estimates of 3-year clinical risk by means of a target trial emulation using the data of a large cohort of PWH in Italy.

CD4/CD8 Ratio Increase in Female Living with HIV Switching to Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine: A Real-Life 24 Weeks Evaluation.

In 2022, 20 million women globally were living with HIV, yet they remain underrepresented in clinical trials, including those for antiretroviral treatments (ART). This study assesses the safety and efficacy of the long-acting cabotegravir-rilpivirine (CAB-RPV) regimen in a cohort of 54 women living with HIV (WLWH) over 24 weeks. A retrospective cohort study from the Sardinian HIV Network and Sicilian HIV Cohort (SHiNe-SHiC) included WLWH who switched to CAB-RPV.

Superselective Unilateral Embolization of the Sphenopalatine Artery for Severe Posterior Epistaxis: A Prospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy.

Epistaxis is a common condition affecting up to 60% of the population, with approximately 6% requiring medical intervention. Posterior epistaxis is particularly challenging, often necessitating endoscopic or endovascular treatment. Sphenopalatine artery (SPA) embolization is an effective treatment option, though concerns remain about the risks associated with nonselective or bilateral approaches.

Patient Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery: An International Study.

Objective: To investigate the demographic determinants of patient perception toward the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery care.

Methods: Outpatients consulting in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery departments of 18 hospitals were surveyed about the perception of the role of AI in health care. The results were analyzed according to the age, gender, patient use of technology, and the level of education.

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges.

Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) are deltaretroviruses infecting millions of individuals worldwide, with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 being the most widespread and clinically relevant types. HTLV-1 is associated with severe diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), while HTLV-2 shows a lower pathogenic potential, with occasional links to neurological disorders. HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, identified in Central Africa, remain poorly characterized but are genetically close to their simian counterparts, indicating recent zoonotic transmission events.

Anatomical digital twins for medical education: a stepwise guide to create perpetual multimodal three-dimensional reconstruction of digital brain specimens.

Background: The mastery of neuroanatomy is key to medical education, radiological interpretation of neurological signs and symptoms, and ultimately, surgical planning. With the development of imaging technology, the three-dimensional (3D) presentation of anatomical structures has become possible. The plastic models and anatomopathological specimens available for teaching anatomy in medical schools are often obsolete or poorly preserved, and in general, they provide limited margins for an enhanced learning experience, allowing for 3D visualization of the relationship with surrounding structures.

Assessing the Accuracy, Completeness and Safety of ChatGPT-4o Responses on Pressure Injuries in Infants: Clinical Applications and Future Implications.

: The advent of large language models (LLMs), like platforms such as ChatGPT, capable of generating quick and interactive answers to complex questions, opens the way for new approaches to training healthcare professionals, enabling them to acquire up-to-date and specialised information easily. In nursing, they have proven to support clinical decision making, continuing education, the development of care plans and the management of complex clinical cases, as well as the writing of academic reports and scientific articles. Furthermore, the ability to provide rapid access to up-to-date scientific information can improve the quality of care and promote evidence-based practice.

Safety and effectiveness of switch to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide following dual regimen therapy in people with HIV: Insights from the Icona cohort.

Objectives: Most treatment switches are for simplification from three-drug (3DR) to dual regimens (2DR). However, a proportion of people with HIV may switch back to 3DR, like bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) after 2DR.

Methods: We included people with HIV enroled in the Icona cohort who switched to B/F/TAF after 2DR INSTI-based (3TC/DTG, RPV/DTG, RPV/CAB, or DOR + DTG).

Rare or Unusual Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria: Therapeutic Approach and Antibiotic Treatment Options.

Non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB) are a heterogeneous group of opportunistic pathogens increasingly associated with healthcare-associated infections. While , and are well known, rarer species such as complex, spp., spp.

Comparing large language models for antibiotic prescribing in different clinical scenarios: which performs better?

Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) show promise in clinical decision-making, but comparative evaluations of their antibiotic prescribing accuracy are limited. This study assesses the performance of various LLMs in recommending antibiotic treatments across diverse clinical scenarios.

Methods: Fourteen LLMs, including standard and premium versions of ChatGPT, Claude, Copilot, Gemini, Le Chat, Grok, Perplexity, and Pi.

Assessing the utilization of HIV genotype resistance testing: Insight from Italian Infectious Diseases Units.

Purpose: We aimed to assess the utilization of genotype resistance testing (GRT) by Infectious Diseases Units across Italy.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving a questionnaire distributed to the Infectious Diseases Unit in Italy. A web-based survey using Google Forms software was utilized and spread via email or cellphone.

Enhancing AI Chatbot Responses in Health Care: The SMART Prompt Structure in Head and Neck Surgery.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of prompt construction on the quality of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot responses in the context of head and neck surgery.

Study Design: Observational and evaluative study.

Setting: An international collaboration involving 16 researchers from 11 European centers specializing in head and neck surgery.

Coblator Assisted-Barbed Relocation Pharyngoplasty (Co-BRP) in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Surgical Treatment.

Barbed reposition pharyngoplasty (BRP) is a new technique to manage velo-pharyngeal obstruction and collapse in OSA patients. Tonsillectomy is a preliminary step of BRP surgery. Dissection of the PPM with monopolar or hot instruments is an essential step of the BRP technique.

Fluoroquinolones and Biofilm: A Narrative Review.

: Biofilm-associated infections frequently span multiple body sites and represent a significant clinical challenge, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery and antimicrobial therapy. These infections are commonly healthcare-associated and frequently related to internal or external medical devices. The formation of biofilms complicates treatment, as they create environments that are difficult for most antimicrobial agents to penetrate.

The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Total Cholesterol in Surgically Treated Oral Cavity Cancer.

Background: With growing evidence linking lipid profile changes to tumor development and cancer prognosis, we investigated the prognostic significance of preoperative serum total cholesterol (TC) levels in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) undergoing surgical treatment.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study involving 310 patients with primary OSCC who received surgery at our hospital from January 2009 to December 2018. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal preoperative TC cutoff value, with the Youden Index employed as the optimization criterion to maximize the sum of sensitivity and specificity.