Freshwater Mollusca of Kazakhstan (Central Asia): species composition and estimation of taxonomic richness.

Central Asia, including its freshwater basins, belongs to the Palearctic realm but exhibits significant faunal heterogeneity with localised hotspots of endemism. While several Central Asian countries have been the subject of malacological reviews, Kazakhstan, the largest country of the region, lacks a comprehensive and taxonomically updated species list. The aim of this study is to consolidate all available data on Kazakhstan's freshwater molluscs, critically analyse their species composition, and assess the level of endemism in this group across the country.

Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the mother sporocyst of (Markowski, 1936) Chabaud et Buttner, 1959 (Digenea: Hemiuroidea).

The mother sporocyst is the least understood digenean life cycle stage. This study provides the first detailed description of the neuromusculature and reproductive apparatus of mother sporocysts in the hemiuroid digenean , a monoxenous parasite of White Sea mud snails, using transmission electron microscopy and fluorescent staining for muscles, FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRP), and serotonin (5HT). These parthenitae lack a germinal mass and have only a few germinal elements, which explains their limited reproductive potential.

Little treasures hidden in the darkness: diversity and phylogeny of stygobiotic hydrobiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Caucasus.

Hydrobiidae is the most diverse and species-rich freshwater gastropod family in the Palearctic. Their diversity in the Caucasus region remains largely unexplored and the phylogenetic relationships with European taxa have not been clarified yet. The primary objective of this study is to perform a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the stygobiotic Hydrobiidae of the Caucasus with an increased taxon sampling and incorporation of multiple molecular markers.

Solid-liquid extraction into hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent followed by preconcentration into primary amine-based supramolecular solvent: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of tetracyclines in chicken meat.

The phenomenon of supramolecular solvent formation in an aqueous phase containing a primary amine, in the presence of a hydrophilic three-component deep eutectic solvent based on choline chloride, a polar carboxylic acid and water was described for the first time. The established phenomenon was implemented for the preconcentration of polar analytes after their separation from solid samples into the three-component deep eutectic solvent. The mixed supramolecular aggregates were formed by mixing the extract phase containing analytes and deep eutectic solvent precursors with the primary amine.

Amyloid fibrils of the myelin basic protein are an integral component of myelin in the vertebrate brain.

The myelin basic protein (MBP) is the most abundant intracellular protein of the myelin, which forms the electrically insulating sheath of axons of many actively functioning neurons. This protein binds the opposite membranes of the flattened processes of oligodendrocytes and plays a crucial role in myelin compaction. Here we show that MBP is present in amyloid form in the oligodendrocytes in the brain of vertebrates.

[The role of changes in the intestinal microbiota in the development of metabolic syndrome in the elderly (literature review).].

In the modern world, considerable attention is paid to cardiovascular diseases, which, according to WHO, remain the leading cause of death. One of the key risk factors for their development is metabolic syndrome (MS), the prevalence of which is steadily increasing. An increase in the number of people with obesity, changes in eating behavior and reduced physical activity contribute to the progression of MS, and also affect the composition and functional state of the intestinal microbiota.

[Sirtuins: molecular-cellular mechanisms of chondrocyte aging.].

More and more studies are focused on the functions of sirtuin proteins in the pathogenesis of joint diseases. Numerous experimental data illustrate the biological functions of sirtuins in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in terms of inflammation and cellular aging. The literature also mentions the role of sirtuins in the regulation of circadian rhythms, which have recently been recognized as one of the key aspects in the development of joint pathologies.

Hepatocytes as Model for Investigating Natural Senotherapeutic Compounds and Their Effects on Cell Cycle Dynamics and Genome Stability.

DNA is inherently unstable and is susceptible to damage from both endogenous sources (such as reactive oxygen species) and exogenous factors (including UV, ionizing radiation, and chemicals). The accumulation of DNA damage manifests as genetic mutations, chromosomal instability, and the stalling of DNA replication and transcription processes. Accumulated DNA damage influences apoptosis and cell cycle checkpoints, serving as one of the key triggers for the manifestation of the senescent phenotype.

Non-canonical telomeric motif TTAGGGGTGG in the true bug species Waga, 1839 (Heteroptera, Geocoridae).

We report on the results of a chromosomal study of the big-eyed true bug Waga, 1839 (Heteroptera: Geocoridae) aimed at obtaining data on its telomeres. Using fluorescence hybridization (FISH), we have shown, that has a non-canonical 10-bp telomeric motif TTAGGGGTGG. This is the first evidence of telomere structure in the family Geocoridae and the first finding of the telomeric sequence (TTAGGGGTGG) in the large superfamily Lygaeoidea (infraorder Pentatomomorpha).

A new species of louse fly, Latreille, 1802 (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), from the Russian far East.

Louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) are specialized ectoparasites of birds, influencing host health and potentially acting as vectors of pathogens. A new species of the genus Latreille, 1802 (Diptera: Hippoboscidae), , is described from specimens collected in Lazovsky Nature Reserve (Russia). belongs to the species-group and is distinguished from other known Ornithomya species inhabiting Russia and Japan by several morphological features: reduction of tergite 4, wing length, ratio of costal vein sections between junctions R1 and R2+3 and between junctions R2+3 and R4+5 and arrangement of wing microtrichia as well as by genetic distances.

Rare Evolutionary Events Support the Phylogenetic Placement of Orthonectida Within Annelida.

Orthonectids are a group of highly simplified worm-like parasites that are placed within Lophotrochozoa by multigene mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies. However, their exact position within Lophotrochozoa is uncertain due to the high rate of molecular evolution and putative long branch attraction artifacts. To examine the phylogenetic placement of orthonectids, we applied an alternative approach that takes into account rare evolutionary events (gene order rearrangements in mitochondrial DNA and individual changes in mitochondrial proteins) with an assessment of their probabilities based on a reference sequence database (RefSeq, NCBI).

[Inflammaging and metabolic syndrome: molecular mechanisms.].

One of the most pressing medical and social problems in the world is the widespread prevalence of chronic age-associated pathology, which includes metabolic syndrome. Metabolic inflammation accompanying metabolic diseases and aging have a common pathogenesis, the basis of which is the activation of the innate immune system and an increase in the inflammatory background. During the aging process, chronic, asymptomatic, sluggish inflammation develops, called inflamaging, which leads to a cascade of pathological changes that disrupt the functions of adipose tissue and the endocrine system, and thereby contributes to the development of a number of diseases.

Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most frequent causes of disability, accompanied by motor and postural impairments, as well as autonomic and behavioural disorders. Since the beginning of the last century, researchers have been developing and refining experimental models of SCI to study pathogenesis and find therapies. Since the beginning of the 20th century, quite a wide range of methods have been developed for contusion and compression injury, complete and partial transection of the spinal cord, and many others.

Dizocilpine Does Not Alter Gene Expression in Rats and in Cell Cultures.

The gene encodes the nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP), which binds to neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and regulates nitric oxide (NO) production by dissociating nNOS from NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Notably, NOS1AP expression is upregulated upon NMDAR activation; however, there is no available data regarding its production under the receptor inhibition. The gene is also 1 among more than 1000 genes that are presumed to be associated with the development of schizophrenia.

Antimony bismuth: structural differences in Cat{[MCl](I)} halogen bond-linked supramolecular complexes.

Four new hybrid chloroantimonates(III) and chlorobismuthates(III) with halogen bond-linked I, (Hbpe){[MCl](I)} (M = Sb(III) (1); M = Bi(III) (2); bpe = 1,2-bis(4-pyridil)ethane) and (Hbpp){[MCl](I)} (M = Sb(III) (3); M = Bi(III) (4); bpp = 1,3-bis(4-pyridil)propane), were synthesized a reaction between SbO/BiO, I and the corresponding bis(pyridines) in HCl. Despite sharing the same formulae of supramolecular anionic parts, they showed significant structural diversity, revealing three different structural types. Features of the halogen bond in 1-4 were examined theoretical methods.

A new ornithocheiran pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Saratov, Russia.

Saratovia glickmani, gen. et sp. nov.

Challenges in the recognition of trematode species: Consideration of hypotheses in an inexact science.

The description and delineation of trematode species is a major ongoing task. Across the field there has been, and currently still is, great variation in the standard of this work and in the sophistication of the proposal of taxonomic hypotheses. Although most species are relatively unambiguously distinct from their congeners, many are either morphologically very similar, including the major and rapidly growing component of cryptic species, or are highly variable morphologically despite little to no molecular variation for standard DNA markers.

Altered GABAergic Homeostasis in the Striatum of Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats.

Background: It is now widely established that dopamine, despite its nature as a slowacting biogenic monoamine, modulates fast neurotransmitters such as GABA. However, the mechanism through which this occurs still needs to be fully elucidated. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the primary regulator of dopamine homeostasis, controlling extracellular levels of dopamine as well as its storage in vesicles.

Review of the genus Afronaso Jacobi, 1910 (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea, Caliscelidae), with the description of two new genera and a new species from tropical Africa and Madagascar.

The caliscelid genus Afronaso Jacobi, 1910 is reviewed, with a male of Afronaso cuneiceps (Fennah, 1957) described and illustrated for the first time. Savanopulex Dlabola, 1987 is placed in synonymy under Afronaso Jacobi, 1910 and Savanopulex endroedyi Dlabola, 1987 is placed in synonymy under Afronaso cuneiceps (Fennah, 1957). A new species, Afronaso pumilio Gnezdilov, sp.

Validation of Icelus crassus Andriashev (Cottiformes: Cottidae), described from the Sea of Okhotsk.

The validity of the Stocky Sculpin Icelus crassus Andriashev, described from the Sea of Okhotsk, was confirmed following examination of the type series; the species having been previously considered a synonym of I. ochotensis Schmidt. Although both species belong to the "I.

Central Serotonin Deficiency Impairs Recovery of Sensorimotor Abilities After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people worldwide. One of the main challenges of rehabilitation strategies is re-training and enhancing the plasticity of the spinal circuitry that was preserved or rebuilt after the injury. The serotonergic system appears to be crucial in these processes, since recent studies have reported the capability of serotonergic (5-HT) axons for axonal sprouting and regeneration in response to central nervous system (CNS) trauma or neurodegeneration.

Expanding silver fluorooxoborate crystal chemistry: AgBOF with 3D double interpenetrating frameworks and AgBOF with 2D layers.

The rapid development of the chemistry of fluorooxoborates is associated with their important role as valuable optical materials. In this work, we report the first two silver representatives of the family, AgBOF (1) and AgBOF (2). Both structures are based on pentaborate groups with different degrees of "fluorination": 1 contains interpenetrating frameworks composed of [BOF] fundamental building units, while 2 consists of layers of [BOF].

A General Solution to the Continuum Rate Equation for Island-Size Distributions: Epitaxial Growth Kinetics and Scaling Analysis.

The nucleation and growth of surface islands in the pre-coalescence stage has previously been studied by different methods, including the rate equation approach and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. However, full understanding of island growth kinetics and the scaling properties of their size distributions is still lacking. Here, we investigate rate equations for the irreversible homogeneous growth of islands in the continuum limit, and derive a general island-size distribution whose shape is fully determined by the dynamics of the monomer concentration at a given size dependence of the capture coefficients.

Life cycle of the seabird digenean (Gymnophallidae) in the Arctic.

Gymnophallidae is one of the digenean families featuring bivalves as first intermediate hosts. However, the exact bivalve host species remain unknown for most members of this family. Gymnophallids have been one of the targets in our continuous efforts to reveal the diversity of digeneans in the higher north.

Photophysics of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin on a femtosecond time-scale.

Pterins are naturally occurring compounds widespread in living organisms. 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin (HBip) is a cofactor of several key enzymes, including NO-synthases and phenylalanine hydroxylase, whereas tetrahydrocyanopterin is a photoreceptor molecule in cyanobacteria. In this regard, tetrahydropterins (Hpterins) photochemistry and photophysics have been attracting our attention.