Language processing in emergencies recruits both language and default mode networks.

Effective language processing in emergencies is crucial for professionals, including firefighters, soldiers, and doctors. Substantial research has been undertaken on language processing in silence, with several studies indicating the impact of noise on language processing in non-emergencies. However, it remains unclear about the neural mechanisms involved in language processing during emergencies, especially the role of the language network (LN) and the default mode network (DMN) in such contexts.

Excitability Modulations of Somatosensory Perception Do Not Depend on Feedforward Neuronal Population Spikes.

Neural states shape perception at earliest cortical processing levels. Previous work in humans showed a relationship between initial cortical excitation, as indicated by the N20 component of the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), prestimulus alpha oscillations, and the perceived intensity in a somatosensory discrimination paradigm. Here we address the follow-up question whether these excitability dynamics reflect changes in feedforward or feedback signals.

The fNIRS glossary project: a consensus-based resource for functional near-infrared spectroscopy terminology.

Significance: A shared understanding of terminology is essential for clear scientific communication and minimizing misconceptions. This is particularly challenging in rapidly expanding, interdisciplinary domains that utilize functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), where researchers come from diverse backgrounds and apply their expertise in fields such as engineering, neuroscience, and psychology.

Aim: The fNIRS Glossary Project was established to develop a community-sourced glossary covering key fNIRS terms, including those related to the continuous-wave (CW), frequency-domain (FD), and time-domain (TD) NIRS techniques.

The 'reading' brain: Meta-analytic insight into functional activation during reading in adults.

Literacy provides the key to social contacts, education, and employment, and significantly influences well-being and mental health. Summarizing 163 studies, the present coordinate-based meta-analysis confirms the importance of classical left-hemispheric language regions and the cerebellum across reading tasks. We found high processing specificity for letter, word, sentence, and text reading exclusively in left-hemispheric areas.

Brain-wide spatial mapping of oscillatory activity during naturalistic motor behavior.

Understanding oscillatory neural activity associated with motor behavior is greatly contributing to the development of neuroprosthetic systems, robotic interfaces, and advanced neurorehabilitation techniques. Most current knowledge about movement-specific patterns of cortical activity is derived from laboratory experiments using highly standardized, repetitive, and often meaningless movements that are very distinct from natural motor behavior. This is characterized by frequent task switching, diverse kinematics, and endogenous motivation.

Individual variation in the chimpanzee arcuate fasciculus predicts vocal and gestural communication.

Whether language has its evolutionary origins in vocal or gestural communication has long been a matter of debate. In humans, the arcuate fasciculus, a major fronto-temporal white matter tract, is left-lateralized, is larger than in nonhuman apes, and is linked to language. However, the extent to which the arcuate fasciculus of nonhuman apes is linked to vocal and/or manual communication is currently unknown.

A general framework for characterizing optimal communication in brain networks.

Efficient communication in brain networks is foundational for cognitive function and behavior. However, how communication efficiency is defined depends on the assumed model of signaling dynamics, e.g.

Volumetric Changes in Cerebellar Transverse Zones: Age and Sex Effects in Health and Neurological Disorders.

Cerebellar volumetric changes are intricately linked to aging, with distinct patterns across its transverse zones, the functional subdivisions characterized by unique cytoarchitectural and connectivity profiles. Despite research efforts, the cerebellar aging process in health and neurological disorders remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of age and sex on total cerebellum, transverse zone, and lobule volumes using MRI data from over 45,000 participants compiled from six neuroimaging datasets.

Ten principles for reliable, efficient, and adaptable coding in psychology and cognitive neuroscience.

Writing code is becoming essential for psychology and neuroscience research, supporting increasingly advanced experimental designs, processing of ever-larger datasets and easy reproduction of scientific results. Despite its critical role, coding remains challenging for many researchers, as it is typically not part of formal academic training. We present a range of practices tailored to different levels of programming experience, from beginners to advanced users.

Shared pathway-specific network mechanisms of dopamine and deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Deep brain stimulation is a brain circuit intervention that can modulate distinct neural pathways for the alleviation of neurological symptoms in patients with brain disorders. In Parkinson's disease, subthalamic deep brain stimulation clinically mimics the effect of dopaminergic drug treatment, but the shared pathway mechanisms on cortex - basal ganglia networks are unknown. To address this critical knowledge gap, we combined fully invasive neural multisite recordings in patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery with normative MRI-based whole-brain connectomics.

Adult age differences in the integration of values for self and other.

Previous research suggests that older adults may display more prosocial behavior than younger adults. However, recent meta-analyses indicate that effects are heterogeneous, may be small, and are influenced by how prosociality is measured. Further, the precise cognitive and computational factors contributing to age-related differences in prosocial behavior remain largely unknown.

Short-term BCI intervention enhances functional brain connectivity associated with motor performance in chronic stroke.

Background: Evidence suggests that brain-computer interface (BCI)-based rehabilitation strategies show promise in overcoming the limited recovery potential in the chronic phase of stroke. However, the specific mechanisms driving motor function improvements are not fully understood.

Objective: We aimed at elucidating the potential functional brain connectivity changes induced by BCI training in participants with chronic stroke.

Individual Differences in Infants' Speech Segmentation Performance: The Role of Mother-Infant Cardiac Synchrony.

Caregiver-infant coregulation is an early form of communication. This study investigated whether mother-infant biological coregulation is associated with 9-month-olds' word segmentation performance, a crucial milestone predicting language development. We hypothesized that coregulation would relate with infants' word segmentation performance.

Musical Structure Influences the Perception of Sound Location.

The perception of multilayered auditory stimuli, such as music or speech, relies on the integration of progressively more complex and abstract features as they are processed along the auditory pathway. To investigate whether higher-level musical structure modulates auditory perception or merely the interpretation of perceived information, we examined the interaction between sound location-a low-level feature-and musical phrases, which are structures spanning across seconds and require temporal integration of information within continuous stimuli. This was to observe whether musical phrase boundaries modulate pre-attentive and explicit sensitivity to the location changes.

Enduring differential patterns of neuronal loss and myelination along 6-month pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in individuals with Down syndrome.

Despite major progress in understanding the impact of the triplicated chromosome 21 on the brain and behaviour in Down syndrome, our knowledge of the underlying neurobiology in humans is still limited. We sought to address some of the pertinent questions about the drivers of brain structure differences and their associations with cognitive function in Down syndrome. To this aim, in a pilot magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study, we monitored brain anatomy in individuals with Down syndrome receiving pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) therapy over 6 months in comparison with typically developed age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

White matter hyperintensity spatial patterns: Risk factors and clinical correlates.

Introduction: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs), a major cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) marker, may arise from different pathologies depending on their location. We explored clinical and genetic correlates of agnostically derived spatial WMH patterns in two longitudinal population-based cohorts (Three-City Study [3C]-Dijon, LIFE-Adult).

Methods: We derived seven WMH spatial patterns using Bullseye segmentation in 2878 individuals aged 65+ and explored their associations with vascular and genetic risk factors, cognitive performance, dementia and stroke incidence.

Abnormalities of iron homeostasis and the dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome revealed by 7T MRI and PET.

While the implication of a dysfunctional dopaminergic system in Tourette syndrome (TS) is well established, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Apart from neurotransmitters, disturbed iron homeostasis and iron regulatory mechanisms are also suspected. Iron is a trace element of fundamental biological importance and is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of dopamine and its receptors and transporters.

Characterizing Directional Dynamics of Semantic Prediction Based on Inter-regional Temporal Generalization.

The event-related potential/field component N400(m) is a widely accepted neural index for semantic prediction. Top-down input from inferior frontal areas to perceptual brain regions is hypothesized to play a key role in generating the N400, but testing this has been challenging due to limitations of causal connectivity estimation. We here provide new evidence for a predictive model of speech comprehension in which IFG activity feeds back to shape subsequent activity in STG/MTG.

Brain neuromarkers predict self- and other-related mentalizing across adult, clinical, and developmental samples.

Human social interactions rely on the ability to reflect on one's own and others' internal states and traits-a psychological process known as mentalizing. Impaired or altered self- and other-related mentalizing is a hallmark of multiple psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, replicable and easily testable brain markers of mentalizing have so far been lacking.

Altercentric Memory Error at 9 Months But Correct Object Memory by 18 Months Revealed in Infants' Pupil.

It was recently proposed that infants have a memory bias for events witnessed together with others. This may allow infants to prioritize relevant information and to predict others' actions, despite limited processing capacities. However, when events occur in the absence of others, for example, an object changes location, this would create altercentric memory errors where infants misremember the object's location where others last saw it.

Normalizing spinal cord compression measures in degenerative cervical myelopathy.

Background Context: Accurate and automatic MRI measurements are relevant for assessing spinal cord compression severity in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) and guiding treatment. The widely-used maximum spinal cord compression (MSCC) index has limitations. Firstly, it normalizes the anteroposterior cord diameter by that above and below the compression but does not account for cord size variation along the superior-inferior axis, making MSCC sensitive to compression level.

Distinct and content-specific neural representations of self- and other-produced actions in joint piano performance.

During ensemble performance, musicians predict their own and their partners' action outcomes to smoothly coordinate in real time. The neural auditory-motor system is thought to contribute to these predictions by running internal forward models that simulate self- and other-produced actions slightly ahead of time. What remains elusive, however, is whether and how own and partner actions can be represented and in the sensorimotor system, and whether these representations are .

Dynamic alterations in cortical activation during motor adaptation in table tennis using whole‑brain fNIRS.

Human movements must constantly be adapted due to changing internal and external conditions in our environment. The underlying neuronal mechanisms that are responsible for motor adaptations have so far mainly been investigated in highly controlled laboratory scenarios using simple motor tasks. However, because motor adaptations in daily life and sports entail more complex processes involving several cognitive components and strategic adjustments, results from such highly controlled settings only allow restricted conclusions and do not capture neuronal processing in everyday life scenarios.

Perceptual Decoupling Underlies Internal Shielding Benefit during Switches between External and Internal Attention: Evidence from Early Sensory Event-related Potential Components.

People need to often switch attention between external and internal sources of information, that is, external and internal attention, respectively. There has been a recent surge of research interest in this type of attentional flexibility, which has revealed that it is characterized by an asymmetrical cost, being larger for switching toward internal than external attention. This cost asymmetry has been explained in terms of an internal shielding benefit, that is, the maintenance of stable internal attention against external interference.