Critical Care Physicians' Perspectives on Nudging in Communication.

Importance: Research in behavioral economics has demonstrated that people have irrational biases, which make them susceptible to decisional shortcuts, or heuristics. The extent to which physicians consciously might use nudges to exploit these heuristics and thereby influence their patients' decision-making is unclear. In addition, ethical questions about the conscious use of nudges in medicine persist, yet little is known about how physicians experience and perceive their use.

Comparative Safety of JAK Inhibitors vs TNF Antagonists in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Importance: Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are highly effective medications for several immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). However, safety concerns have led to regulatory restrictions.

Objective: To compare the risk of adverse events with JAK inhibitors vs tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists in patients with IMIDs in head-to-head comparative effectiveness studies.

Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis in Older Black and Hispanic Individuals With Heart Failure.

Importance: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR-CA) is an underdiagnosed but treatable cause of heart failure (HF) in older individuals that occurs in the context of normal wild-type (ATTRwt-CA) or an abnormal inherited (ATTRv-CA) TTR gene variant. While the most common inherited TTR variant, V142I, occurs in 3% to 4% of self-identified Black Americans and is associated with excess morbidity and mortality, the prevalence of ATTR-CA in this at-risk population is unknown.

Objective: To define the prevalence of ATTR-CA and proportions attributable to ATTRwt-CA or ATTRv-CA among older Black and Caribbean Hispanic individuals with HF.

Investigating the mechanisms of indocyanine green tumour uptake in sarcoma cell lines and ex vivo human tissue.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a well-established near-infrared dye which has been used clinically for several decades. Recently, it has been utilised for fluorescence-guided surgery in a range of solid cancer types, including sarcoma, with the aim of reducing the positive margin rate. The increased uptake and retention of ICG within tumours, compared with normal tissue, gives surgeons a visual reference to aid resection when viewed through a near-infrared camera.

Genomic insights into a diarrheal outbreak in Bangladesh reveal novel ETEC lineages and expansion of CS23 colonization factor.

Enterotoxigenic (ETEC), a leading cause of diarrhea, is defined by heat-stable (ST) and/or heat-labile (LT) toxins and associated colonization factors (CFs). However, there is still a knowledge gap in understanding ETEC's evolution, particularly in endemic regions like Bangladesh. This study investigates the genomic attributes contributing to the rise of ETEC-associated diarrhea in Bangladesh during 2022-2023.

Dissecting antimicrobial logic: species-specific strategies for intracellular pathogen defense.

Control of intracellular pathogens is a critical element of host defense. Defining the molecular mechanisms by which the host restricts or eliminates these pathogens may inform the development of novel immunotherapeutics and antimicrobial strategies, particularly in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. In parallel, understanding how pathogens subvert these immune responses may yield new approaches to disrupt virulence rather than viability.

activity of SPR206 and comparator agents against , species, and Enterobacterales responsible for infection in United States, European, Israeli, and Turkish hospitals.

Increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance require additional safe and effective options for managing difficult-to-treat infections. SPR206 is a next-generation polymyxin with improved safety profiles. This study determined the activity of SPR206 against a diverse collection of gram-negative isolates.

The American Cancer Society National Lung Cancer Roundtable strategic plan: Tobacco treatment in the context of lung cancer screening.

Tobacco use is the primary contributor to disease and death in the United States, and cigarette smoking is the leading risk factor for lung cancer. Safe and effective treatments for tobacco dependence exist; however, access to and use of tobacco treatment remains low. The most recent Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services National Coverage Determination requires a shared decision-making visit for lung cancer screening that includes counseling on the importance of maintaining cigarette smoking abstinence if a person formerly smoked; or the importance of smoking cessation if a person currently smokes and, if appropriate, furnishing of information about tobacco-cessation interventions.

Investment in Alzheimer's disease research for the next generation of adults with Down syndrome will yield health benefits for future generations.

Recent innovations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment highlight critical gaps in knowledge about how to support healthy aging of adults with Down syndrome (DS). RAND researchers updated demographic and epidemiological evidence about the DS population to assess the impact of increased investment in treatment innovations for DS-associated Alzheimer's disease (DS-AD). They estimated life expectancy at birth in 2020 to be 55 years, with ≈ 5 years of DS-AD.

CL316,243 and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: Role of Sex and Estrogen Receptor Beta.

Purpose: CL316,243 (CL), a beta 3 adrenergic receptor (B3-AR) agonist has 'exercise mimetic' effects in adipose tissue (AT). CL may also positively affect skeletal muscle (SM), yet the role of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in mediating SM-specific effects of CL is not known. We investigated the effects of CL on SM metabolism, as well as the role played by ERβ.

Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of atrial functional mitral regurgitation: An expert opinion paper.

Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) is an increasingly recognized subtype of mitral regurgitation, characterized by left atrial remodelling and mitral annular dilation in the absence of primary mitral valve disease or left ventricular dysfunction. Closely linked to chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, AFMR is associated with poor clinical outcomes and represents a growing therapeutic challenge. This expert opinion paper summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management strategies, including medical therapy and emerging data supporting surgical and transcatheter interventions in selected patients.

Genome sequencing reveals the impact of pseudoexons in rare genetic disease.

Purpose: Advancements in sequencing technologies have significantly improved clinical genetic testing, yet the diagnostic yield remains around 30-40%. Emerging technologies are now being deployed to address the remaining diagnostic gap.

Methods: We tested whether short-read genome sequencing could increase the diagnostic yield in individuals enrolled into the UCI-GREGoR research study, who had suspected Mendelian conditions and prior inconclusive testing.

Toward Health Equity: A Workshop Report on the State of the Science of Obesity Interventions for Adults.

Objective: From October 18-20, 2022, the National Institutes of Health held a workshop to examine the state of the science concerning obesity interventions in adults to promote health equity. The workshop had three objectives: (1) Convene experts from key institutions and the community to identify gaps in knowledge and opportunities to address obesity, (2) generate recommendations for obesity prevention and treatment to achieve health equity, and (3) identify challenges and needs to address obesity prevalence and disparities, and develop a diverse workforce.

Methods: A three-day virtual convening.

The Burden of Motor Neuron Diseases in the United States, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.

Introduction/aims: There is a lack of up-to-date information on the burden of motor neuron diseases (MNDs) in the United States (US). This study aimed to estimate trends in the prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for MNDs in the US from 1990 to 2021.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of MNDs in the US using estimates of prevalence, incidence, and mortality obtained from analyses of the Global Burden of Disease 2021 dataset.

Chaos theory and its applications in forensic anthropology.

Chaos theory, initially developed by Edward Lorenz, a mathematician and meteorologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has evolved from a theory of the natural and physical sciences to a theory that has broad, interdisciplinary applications. Fundamentally, chaos theory connects various scientific disciplines by explaining how seemingly random behaviors that happen in non-linear or "chaotic" systems, no matter how minor, can lead to major consequences. While forensic anthropology is often considered an a-theoretical subfield of anthropology, the discipline has witnessed a proliferation of theoretical publications in recent years.

Modeling Musculoskeletal Combat Casualty Care: NATO Trauma System Performance in Large Scale Combat Operations.

Background: It is unclear whether the current North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) trauma system will be effective in the setting of Large-Scale Combat Operations (LSCO). We sought to model the efficacy of the NATO trauma system in the setting of LSCO. We also intended to model novel scenarios that could better adapt the current system to LSCO.