Abdominal simultaneous 3D water T and T mapping using a free-breathing Cartesian acquisition with spiral profile ordering.

Purpose: To develop a method for abdominal simultaneous 3D water ( ) and ( ) mapping with isotropic resolution using a free-breathing Cartesian acquisition with spiral profile ordering (CASPR) at 3 T.

Methods: The proposed data acquisition combines a Look-Locker scheme with the modified BIR-4 adiabatic preparation pulse for simultaneous and mapping. CASPR is employed for efficient and flexible k-space sampling at isotropic resolution during free breathing.

Effects of 4-Month Methylphenidate Treatment on Functional Connectivity in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective: Methylphenidate is effective in reducing ADHD symptoms in the short term, but long-term benefits are inconsistent, possibly due to the development of tolerance. Moreover, little is known about its sustained effects on brain functional connectivity. We examined whether a 4-month methylphenidate treatment leads to sustained alterations in resting-state functional connectivity, and whether acute brain responses to methylphenidate decrease after treatment, as a potential marker of neurobiological tolerance.

Comparison of Low-Rank Denoising Methods for Dynamic Deuterium MRSI at 7 T.

Dynamic deuterium (H)-MRSI enables mapping of metabolic fluxes in vivo, but its sensitivity is hampered by the low H gyromagnetic ratio and H-labelled metabolite concentrations. Low-rank denoising can enhance MRSI sensitivity by separating signal from noise. Several methods have been proposed, but the optimal approach for dynamic H-MRSI remains unclear.

ConfLUNet: Multiple sclerosis lesion instance segmentation in presence of confluent lesions.

Accurate lesion-level segmentation on MRI is critical for multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis, prognosis, and disease monitoring. However, current evaluation practices largely rely on semantic segmentation post-processed with connected components (CC), which cannot separate confluent lesions (aggregates of confluent lesion units, CLUs) due to reliance on spatial connectivity. To address this misalignment with clinical needs, we introduce formal definitions of CLUs and associated CLU-aware detection metrics, and include them in an exhaustive instance segmentation evaluation framework.

High-Density EEG Source Localisation of averaged interictal epileptic Discharges validated by surgical Outcome.

Electroencephalographic source localisation (ESL) of interictal epileptiform discharges is a valuable tool for presurgical evaluation of pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Various forward models, inverse solutions algorithms, and software packages have been published. However, clinical validation studies are based on heterogenous end points and study cohorts.

Is early-phase amyloid PET ready for use as neurodegeneration marker?

Alzheimer's disease is marked by accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and abnormal tau, associated with subsequent neurodegeneration. Validated markers of neurodegeneration include brain glucose metabolism, perfusion and atrophy. Dual-phase amyloid PET imaging allows to assess both Aβ buildup and perfusion changes through a single tracer injection.

Human gray matter microstructure mapped using neurite exchange imaging (NEXI) on a clinical scanner.

Biophysical models of diffusion in gray matter (GM) can provide unique information about microstructure of the human brain, in health and disease. Therefore, their compatibility with clinical settings is key. Neurite Exchange Imaging (NEXI) is a two-compartment model of GM microstructure that accounts for inter-compartment exchange, whose parameter estimation requires multi-shell multi-diffusion time data.

Functional organization of the neonatal thalamus across development depicted by functional MRI.

The thalamus is a central component of the brain that is involved in a variety of functions, from sensory processing to high-order cognition. Its structure and function in the first weeks of extrauterine life, including its connections to different cortical and subcortical areas, have not yet been widely explored. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 588 newborns during natural sleep from the developing Human Connectome Project to study the functional organization of the thalamus from 37 to 44 post-conceptual weeks.

BrainAgeNeXt: Advancing brain age modeling for individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Aging is associated with structural brain changes, cognitive decline, and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain age, an imaging biomarker sensitive to deviations from healthy aging, offers insights into structural aging variations and is a potential prognostic biomarker in neurodegenerative conditions. This study introduces BrainAgeNeXt, a novel convolutional neural network inspired by the MedNeXt framework, designed to predict brain age from T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Benchmarking the Impact of Anatomical Segmentation on In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

Purpose: Estimation of metabolite concentrations in brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) requires correction for differences in tissue water content, relaxation properties, and the proportions of gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Accurate knowledge of the relative proportions of these tissue classes within the volume of interest is therefore essential for reliable quantification. Commonly used brain segmentation tools differ in their algorithms, priors, and implementation, potentially introducing variability in MRS-derived concentration estimates.

Biometry and volumetry in multi-centric fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging: assessing the bias of super-resolution reconstruction.

Background: Fetal brain MRI is increasingly used to complement ultrasound imaging. Images are processed using complex super-resolution reconstruction pipelines, which may bias biometric and volumetric measurements.

Objective: To assess the consistency of 2-dimensional (D) biometric and 3-D volumetric measurements across three hospitals using three widely used super-resolution reconstruction pipelines.

Emergent technologies in clinical neurophysiology to study the central nervous system: IFCN handbook chapter.

This chapter reviews recent breakthroughs in neurophysiological brain mapping, focusing on EEG, MEG, and MRI technologies and their integration with stimulation techniques. High-density and portable EEG systems now allow more precise, user-friendly, and mobile recordings. Machine learning enhances biomarker detection and diagnostic power, particularly in epilepsy, cognitive disorders, and sleep pathology.

A graphical pipeline platform for MRS data processing and analysis: MRSpecLAB.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI), are non-invasive techniques used to quantify biochemical compounds in tissue, such as choline, creatine, glutamate, glutamine, -aminobutyric acid, N-acetylaspartate, etc. However, reliable quantification of MRS and MRSI data is challenging due to the complex processing steps involved, often requiring advanced expertise. Existing data processing software solutions often demand MRS expertise or coding knowledge, presenting a steep learning curve for novel users.

Explaining Uncertainty in Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation Beyond Prediction Errors.

Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) is essential in healthcare, particularly for high-stakes tasks like medical image segmentation. Explainable AI and uncertainty quantification significantly enhance AI reliability by addressing key attributes such as robustness, usability, and explainability. Despite extensive technical advances in uncertainty quantification for medical imaging, understanding the clinical informativeness and interpretability of uncertainty remains limited.

Fluid and White Matter Suppression contrasts MRI improves Deep Learning detection of Multiple Sclerosis Cortical Lesions.

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of Fluid and White Matter Suppression (FLAWS) MRI sequence in improving Deep Learning (DL)-based detection and segmentation of cortical lesions in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients even, and to develop models that can generalize to clinical settings where only standard T1-weighted images (MPRAGE) are available.

Materials And Methods: In this multi-site study, we analyzed 204 MS patients using DL models developed with FLAWS and Magnetization Prepared 2 Rapid Acquisition Gradient Echoes (MP2RAGE) sequences. Reference standard annotations were established through two approaches: (1) consensus of three expert raters across all contrasts, and (2) single-rater annotations for individual modalities.

Tau PET positivity in individuals with and without cognitive impairment varies with age, amyloid-β status, APOE genotype and sex.

Tau positron emission tomography (PET) imaging allows in vivo detection of tau proteinopathy in Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Understanding how demographic, clinical and genetic factors relate to tau PET positivity will facilitate its use for clinical practice and research. Here we conducted an analysis of 42 cohorts worldwide (N = 12,048), including 7,394 cognitively unimpaired (CU) participants, 2,177 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 2,477 participants with dementia.

Tracking Hyperpolarized [1-C] Pyruvate and [1-C] L-Lactate Metabolism in the Healthy and Post-Stroke Mouse Brain.

Tracking hyperpolarized (HP) C labeling from either [1-C] pyruvate or [1-C] lactate is a useful tool to assess intermediary metabolism in vivo, which has already been translated from preclinical to clinical research. HP [1-C] pyruvate and [1-C] lactate provide complementary views on the same metabolic pathway, and both have been tested as potential neuroprotective agents in the context of acute brain injuries, with more convincing evidence for a beneficial effect of lactate. Our aim here was to investigate and compare HP [1-C] pyruvate and [1-C] lactate performance as metabolic contrast agents in the brains of healthy mice and mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, a model of ischemic stroke.

Assessing workflow impact and clinical utility of AI-assisted brain aneurysm detection: A multi-reader study.

Despite the plethora of AI-based algorithms developed for anomaly detection in radiology, subsequent integration into clinical setting is rarely evaluated. In this work, we assess the applicability and utility of an AI-based model for brain aneurysm detection comparing the performance of two readers with different levels of experience (2 and 13 years). We aim to answer the following questions: 1) Do the readers improve their performance when assisted by the AI algorithm? 2) How much does the AI algorithm impact routine clinical workflow? We reuse and enlarge our open-access, Time-Of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography dataset (N = 460).

Quality of life in older adults is enhanced by piano practice: Results from a randomized controlled trial.

Although hobbies can improve quality of life (QoL), the role that music might play in healthy aging still needs to be established. The aim of the present study was to investigate the causal influence of piano practice on QoL in seniors. Furthermore, we aimed to identify brain regions of the reward circuit that are related to QoL and piano practice.

Utility, Costs and Cost-Utility of Amyloid-PET in the Diagnostic Process of Memory Clinic Patients: A Trial-Based Economic Evaluation From AMYPAD-DPMS.

Background: Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) is instrumental in achieving an accurate diagnosis and may help to limit health-seeking behavior. Currently, amyloid-PET is not routinely used in clinical practice due to lack of evidence on cost-utility. We assessed the cost-utility of early versus no amyloid-PET in the diagnostic work-up of memory clinic patients after 6 months.

The interplay between white adipose tissue, adipokines, and structural gray matter changes.

The growing global obesity issue emphasizes the importance of understanding its health implications. Previous research has identified consistent alterations in gray matter (GM) volume in connection with obesity. Given the various implications of distinct fat compartments and the potential role of adipose tissue-derived adipokines in brain health, a more detailed investigation of adiposity is required.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping in the human brain at 7T with phase-cycled balanced SSFP.

Purpose: To demonstrate the feasibility of QSM and to show the potential of simultaneous , , and proton density (PD) mapping in the human brain at 7T based on phase-cycled balanced SSFP (bSSFP) MRI.

Methods: An algorithm was developed to estimate off-resonance frequency in multi-compartment scenarios by combining elliptic phase-cycled bSSFP signal fitting with dictionary matching. Phase-cycled bSSFP-based tissue phase and susceptibility maps were compared with multi-echo gradient-echo (MEGRE)-based maps in the brains of eight healthy subjects at 7T.

Navigator-gated free-breathing 2D radial cardiac joint T-T mapping.

Purpose: To implement a navigator-gated free-breathing 2D radial joint T-T mapping technique for the myocardium at 3T, and to characterize the impact of the navigator rejection on the precision and accuracy of the T and T maps.

Methods: The proposed technique, named PARMANav (for PArametric Radial Mapping with Navigator gating), collects 25 lung-liver navigator-gated electrocardiogram (ECG)-triggered single-shot radial gradient-recalled echo (GRE) images with five magnetization preparations. Source images were reconstructed using compressed sensing.