Tipping the balance: the PD1-axis as modulator in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Collapse of self-tolerance toward peripheral nervous system antigens initiates chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. This breakdown likely recurs, driving disease onset and flare-ups, providing a window to predict progression before symptoms worsen, yet the mechanisms behind self-tolerance maintenance or disruption remain underexplored. Using a transgenic mouse model with Schwann cell-restricted ovalbumin expression and adoptive transfer of ovalbumin reactive CD8 T-cells, we demonstrate that maintenance of immune tolerance to peripheral nervous system antigen is linked to PD1-axis activity.

Differential impact of manic versus depressive episode recurrence on longitudinal gray matter volume changes in bipolar disorder.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental disorder, characterized by episodes of mania and depression. The longitudinal neurobiological impact of BD episodes on brain structure remains largely unknown. In 124 age-sex-matched participants (62 BD patients; 62 healthy controls; HCs), aged 20-62 years, we investigated the longitudinal relationship between BD episodes and whole-brain gray matter volume (GMV) changes (3 Tesla MRI) during a two-year interval, using voxel-based morphometry in SPM12/CAT12.

Temporal transcriptomic profiling of human 3D neuromuscular co-cultures.

The principal organization of mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) shares essential features across species. However, human NMJs (hNMJs) exhibit distinct structural and physiological properties. While recent advances in stem cell-based systems have significantly improved in vitro modeling of hNMJs, the extent to which these models recapitulate in vivo development remains unclear.

Inequalities in multimorbidity between native-born and immigrant older adults across Europe.

Immigrants with a chronic disease may have a higher burden of multimorbidity than their native-born counterparts due to the unique experiences in their origin and the receiving countries. In this study, we provide a descriptive overview of inequalities in multimorbidity between immigrant and native-born older adults with chronic diseases in Europe. Our analysis includes individuals aged 50-79 years who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) from Waves 2 through 9.

DMSO-Free Tin Halide Perovskites for Indoor Photovoltaics.

Indoor photovoltaic (IPV) technology has emerged as an effective strategy to sustainably power batteryless Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Though tin perovskite solar cells offer competitive IPV performance, their effectiveness is often compromised by Sn oxidation, particularly when processed with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. This work explored the IPV performance of DMSO-free tin perovskites FASnI Br by tuning the halide composition.

Mortality During In-Hospital Stay and the First 24 h After Decompressive Craniectomy in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multi-Center, Retrospective Propensity Score-Matched Study.

: Early death after trauma has been described several times. Little is known about it after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and decompressive craniectomy (DC). The aim of this study was to characterize patients who die after a TBI and DC during their in-hospital stay.

Specific viral antibodies associate with anti-NMDAR encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) patients may develop secondary anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (NMDARE), associated with worsened long-term neurological outcome. Immunosuppressive treatment can limit NMDAR autoantibody-mediated pathology, but early predictive biomarkers for the risk of NMDARE are lacking. In a multicenter study, we performed unbiased antibody reactome profiling using Phage ImmunoPrecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq).

The effect of brain tissue anisotropy on the electric field caused by transcranial electric stimulation: Sensitivity analysis and magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography.

Calculations of the electric field (-field) are important for addressing the variability in the physical dose of transcranial electric stimulation (tES). These calculations rely on precise knowledge of the individual head and brain anatomy and on choosing the appropriate ohmic conductivities for the different tissue compartments. In particular, the conductivity of brain white matter and to a lesser extent gray matter is anisotropic.

Valenced tactile information is evoked by neutral visual cues following emotional learning.

Learning which stimuli in our environment co-occur with painful or pleasurable events is critical for survival. Previous research has established the basic neural and behavioral mechanisms of aversive and appetitive conditioning; however, it is unclear precisely what information content is learned. Here we examined the degree to which aspects of the unconditioned stimulus (US)-sensory information versus affective salience-are transferred to the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Risk allocation in a freshwater gastropod.

To balance the basic needs of organisms, internal and external cues are used to inform the optimal behavioral strategy. Some of the best-studied related cognitive rules have emerged in predator-prey contexts, such as the threat-sensitivity hypothesis, which postulates that prey should adjust their antipredator behavior in accordance with the level of risk. Extending this theory, the risk allocation hypothesis posits that under long-term sustained high predation risk, individuals should decrease their antipredator responses towards risky stimuli so as to meet their energetic demands.

Alterations of task-based fMRI topology underlying cognitive flexibility and stability in schizophrenia.

Recently, it has been suggested that brain dysconnectivity in patients with schizophrenia contributes to the wide-ranging cognitive deficits that characterize the disorder. Graph theoretical analysis offers a unique method for studying how architectural alterations in large-scale brain networks may contribute to cognitive impairments in these patients. Implementing this technique, we analyzed the functional brain activity during a predictive switch-drift task from 21 patients with schizophrenia and 22 matched healthy controls.

Predictors of Supplemental Opioid Use After Third Molar Extraction.

Objectives: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are recommended as first-line analgesics following third molar extraction, but some patients require supplemental opioids for pain management. The objective of this study was to identify demographic and clinical factors that predicted supplemental opioid use following third molar extraction in patients treated with an evidence-based analgesic regimen.

Methods: Healthy adults underwent surgical extraction of partial or full bony impacted mandibular third molar.

Psychiatric disorders converge on common pathways but diverge in cellular context, spatial distribution, and directionality of genetic effects.

Psychiatric conditions share common genes, but mechanisms that differentiate diagnoses remain unclear. We present a multidimensional framework for functional analysis of rare copy number variants (CNVs) across 6 diagnostic categories, including schizophrenia (SCZ), autism (ASD), bipolar disorder (BD), depression (MDD), PTSD, and ADHD (N = 574,965). Using gene-set burden analysis (GSBA), we tested duplication (DUP) and deletion (DEL) burden across 2,645 functional gene sets defined by the intersections of pathways, cell types, and cortical regions.

Predicted deleterious mutations reveal the genetic architecture of male reproductive success in a lekking bird.

Deleterious mutations are ubiquitous in natural populations and, when expressed, reduce fitness. However, the specific nature of these mutations and the ways in which they impact fitness remain poorly understood. We exploited recent advances in genomics to predict deleterious mutations in the black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), an iconic lekking species.

Disaster Health Literacy - development and validation of a short measurement instrument in German to supplement the HLS instruments.

Introduction: In many countries, promoting the ability to protect one's own life and health and to help oneself when faced with adversity is a cornerstone of disaster risk reduction. For this reason, the population must be able to access, understand, assess and apply the information necessary to do so. So far, there have been only a few attempts to define this so-called "Disaster Health Literacy" (DIS-HL), and there is a lack of easy-to-use instruments to measure it.

Out of sight, but not out of mind: Key issues regarding seafloor macrolitter monitoring: Issued by the expert community "International Seafloor Macrolitter Imaging and Quantification".

Following a number of meetings devoted to knowledge sharing, identification of key issues, and discussing the best ways to move forward, a wide international expert community is now able to provide recommendations regarding the monitoring of seafloor macrolitter through observation and imaging. As the seafloor constitutes a major sink for marine litter including plastics, it is important to acquire robust and extensive data on litter distribution, abundance, types and size ranges across marine habitats. This should be done through widely agreed, harmonised, and non-destructive methods encompassing advanced technologies.

A diffusion-driven phase-field model for simulation of glioma growth.

Modelling glioma remains a critical area of research due to its poor prognosis. Phase-field modelling is an effective computational approach to simulate the dynamics of biological systems, including tumor growth like glioma. Here, the growth of a tumor is studied in the proximity of a blood artery that nourishes the tumor.

Hyperosmolarity-induced activation of PIEZO1 engages detrimental calcium/oxidative stress signaling and adaptive catalase response in renal inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD) cells.

The collecting duct (CD) is the final segment of the renal nephron and is involved in the fine regulation of osmotic and ionic homeostasis. Its medullary segment is continuously exposed to a wide spectrum of osmotic gradients and resultant osmotic stress. Strikingly, the expression of the mechanically activated non-selective cationic and Ca-permeable transduction ion channel PIEZO1 is most prominent in inner medullary CD (IMCD) cells, yet its functions there are still not well understood.

Endogenous Aβ and Exogenous Wheat Gluten Nanostructures: Understanding Peptide Self-Assembly in Disease.

The self-assembly of endogenous and exogenous peptides into proteolysis-resistant oligomers can trigger toxic cellular events and diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the structural polymorphisms of endogenous amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-40 and 1-42 aggregates are essential for their neurotoxic effects. Recent findings on structural differences between brain-derived and fibrils underscore the need to improve the molecular and supramolecular models of diseases, for example, by stabilizing monomer conformations that lead to disease-relevant structures.

Migration-induced subjective social mobility and its associations with self-rated mental and general health: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.

Social mobility affects health, but comprehensive evidence on its health effects in migration contexts is lacking. This systematic review summarizes the global empirical quantitative evidence on the impact of migration-induced subjective social mobility on self-rated health outcomes among first-generation migrants, including internally displaced people, international and internal migrants. A systematic search was performed in three scientific databases, using search terms related to migrants, social status/mobility and health outcomes.

Predicting fitness coaches' intentions to include persons with disabilities in gyms: an application of the theory of planned behavior.

Introduction: Promoting equal access to fitness offers implies the inclusion of individuals with disabilities in gyms. However, many gyms do not meet the needs of people with disabilities due to physical, social, and human resource barriers. This study examines fitness coaches' capacities and intentions of providing fitness offers for individuals with disabilities using the theory of planned behavior as a framework.

Poisoning accidents in young children-Theory-based evaluation of an mHealth app.

Background: Unintentional childhood injuries such as poisonings are prevalent among young children and can have severe or even fatal consequences. As most of these injuries happen in and around the home, parents and other caregivers need to be prepared to prevent and deal with them. mHealth apps are promising for this, since regular smartphone use is widespread.

Intensity-dependent transcranial direct current stimulation effects on lower limb strength: optimizing acute and prolonged gains in explosive force and maximal strength.

Regarding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), higher current intensities are not always associated with larger strength enhancement. This study systematically examined acute and chronic effects of tDCS intensity between 1 mA and 3 mA over the primary motor cortex (M1) on lower limb explosive and maximal strength. Seventy participants were randomly allocated to four groups receiving 10 sessions of different tDCS intensities (1 mA, 2 mA, 3 mA, or sham) to the M1 for 20 min, with a 48 h interval between sessions, for four weeks.

Unraveling interoceptive processing and action dynamics: Exploring neural and psychological responses to food cues using fMRI.

Interoception, the perception of body signals, which is crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis, is asserted to play a vital role in obesity. Despite conceptual assumptions that insular interoceptive functioning contributes to obesity risk, predominantly through modulating motor cortices, this link has not been extensively explored. Therefore, to further investigate neural and psychological components underlying the processing of food cues with a specific focus on insula-based interoceptive processing, this study assessed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses via functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRI) in 45 healthy participants (31 females/14 males, age 35.

Amateurs exhibit greater psychomotor efficiency than novices: evidence from EEG during a visuomotor task.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to examine the neural activities, which contribute to performance efficiency in the early stages of motor skill learning, such as amateur versus novice. To achieve this goal, electroencephalography (EEG) was employed to compare the differences in EEG power that can be used to assess neural excitability between amateur and novice golfers during a visuomotor task (i.e.