Children are not the main agents of language change.

The long-standing claim that young children are the main agents of language change is often presented as an established fact, and has tacitly guided research in developmental science and evolutionary linguistics. It rests on the assumption that language change arises from language acquisition errors predominantly committed by children. Here, we review whether arguments in support of this idea stand up to logical and empirical scrutiny.

Open-Flap and Flapless Er, Cr:YSGG Laser-Assisted Esthetic Crown Lengthening: A Comparative Study of Patient Perceptions.

This study investigated patients' perceptions of laser-assisted esthetic crown lengthening (ECL) for treating "gummy smiles" using either an open-flap (OF) or flapless (FL) technique. This study included 36 healthy patients with altered passive eruption who underwent ECL surgery and were randomly divided into two equal groups: OF and FL. Gingivectomy and ostectomy were performed using an Er, Cr:YSGG laser in both groups.

The Importance of Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation Kinetics for Repeated Wingate-Based Sprint Performance.

Boxing is a sport that has a high level of oxygen use within the Rectus Femoris muscle, with recovery between rounds important to subsequent performance. The study aimed to determine muscle oxygen use in male and female professional boxers in response to a repeated sprint stimulus. 10 male (age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 177 ± 4 cm, weight: 72 ± 6 kg) and 6 female (age: 29 ± 4 years, height: 173 ± 2 cm, weight: 73 ± 4 kg) professional boxers took part.

Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes.

Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes' relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N > 5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group.

Recognising the Value of Everyday Interactions in Inpatient CAMHS: Patient Thank-You Letters as Insights Into Nursing Impact.

This study explores patient feedback through unsolicited thank-you letters, asking: What insights do these letters provide into impactful nursing practices in inpatient CAMHS? Using an exploratory qualitative approach, data from two focus groups with mental health nurses (MHNs) and an online questionnaire were analysed through thematic analysis, identifying three key themes-'Being Present,' 'Being Skilful,' and 'Being Human.' Findings reveal that thank-you letters offer unique, spontaneous insights into the aspects of nursing care young people value most, highlighting everyday interactions over structured clinical interventions. However, these relational aspects of care are often undervalued in inpatient settings.

Examining the Relationship Between Urinary Incontinence and Women's Physical Activity Engagement: Barriers and Disclosure Patterns.

Background: This study investigates the relationship between urinary incontinence (UI) and women's participation in physical activity (PA). Women are less active than men across their lifespan, and while interventions aim to bridge this gap, the unique challenge posed by UI remains underexplored. UI disproportionately affects women and often results in reduced self-confidence and avoidance of PA.

Control processes of cross- and within-language interference-A replication of Liu et al. (2019).

Language control is an essential cognitive process that allows bilinguals to fluently produce language by reducing cross-language interference. Yet, it remains unclear whether the control processes implemented when reducing cross-language interference are similar to those when reducing within-language interference. Since prior research has shown contradictory results, we set out to investigate this issue further based on a combination of language switch costs, as a measure of control processes resolving cross-language interference, and Stroop incongruency, as a measure of control processes resolving within-language interference.

A novel flow through assay and smartphone application based prototype for point-of-care diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Affordable point-of-care test sensors with automated result recording are essential for reducing undetected tuberculosis cases in remote, resource-limited areas. Therefore, this study addresses this need with three key aims. First, we aimed to lower the costs of a patented flow-through assay (Kit and method: WO2016/024116A1) by developing an in-house method for producing antibody-coated gold nanoparticles (anti-IgG-AuNPs).

Isoenergetic Pre-Exercise Meals Varying in Carbohydrate Similarly Affect Resistance Training Volume Performance Compared to Placebo: A Crossover Trial.

Carbohydrate is an important fuel during moderate- to high-intensity exercise. We hypothesised that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion would improve resistance training (RT) volume performance. In a crossover design, sixteen resistance-trained participants (male = 13 and female = 3) performed 3 sets of back squats, bench press, prone row, and shoulder press to repetition fatigue at 80% of 1-repetition maximum (∼90 min).

Working memory capacity and self-cues: Consistent benefits in children and adults.

From attentional prioritization to enhanced memory, self-cues trigger a variety of effects within human cognition. Recent work suggests that self-reference may also enhance working memory, possibly via attentional prioritization. However, there is no direct evidence that self-cues enhance working memory capacity, or that such boosts covary with individuals' attentional function.

Optimization of chromium (VI) reduction in aqueous solution using magnetic Fe3O4 sludge resulting from electrocoagulation process.

The reuse of electro-coagulated sludge as an adsorbent for Cr(VI) ion reduction was investigated in this study. Electro-coagulated sludge was obtained during the removal of citric acid wastewater by the electrocoagulation process. The following parameters were optimized for Cr(VI) reduction: pH (5-7), initial Cr(VI) concentration (10-50 mg/L), contact time (10-45 min), and adsorbent dosage (0.

A systematic review of evidence that environmental contaminant exposure impedes weight loss and glycemic control during calorie-restricted diets in humans.

Calorie-restricted diets cause weight loss and can drive type 2 diabetes remission. However, many patients struggle to achieve clinically relevant weight loss, and the reasons are not well understood. Chemical exposure is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes development, and some evidence from preclinical experiments suggests it can limit the clinical benefits of calorie restriction.

Relationship between symptoms, sociodemographic factors, and general practice help-seeking in 10 904 adults aged 50 and over.

Symptoms are a common reason for contact with primary care. This study investigated associations between symptom-related, demographic, social, and economic factors on general practice (GP) help-seeking. Secondary analysis of responses to a 25-symptom questionnaire, from 10 904 adults aged ≥50 years reporting at least one symptom in the preceding year.

Cluster Versus Rest-Redistribution Training: Similar Improvements in Neuromuscular Capacities in Female Team-Sport Athletes.

Purpose: This study's purpose was to investigate the midterm effects of alternative set configurations (cluster [CL] and rest redistribution [RR]) on lower- and upper-body neuromuscular capacities in female athletes.

Method: Twenty team-sport female athletes were randomly assigned to a CL (n = 10) or RR (n = 10) training group. The study protocol comprised 2 pretests, 12 training sessions, and a posttest.

Dazzle camouflage: benefits and problems revealed.

During WWI, ships were painted in high-contrast 'dazzle' patterns believed to distort, among other things, submariners' perceptions of direction when aiming their torpedoes, but was this strategy effective? Here, we investigated the effects of different camouflage patterns, including versions used in the war, on the perceived direction of travel for a three-dimensional computer model of the RMS Mauretania. The results of this study showed that texture gradients 'twisted' the perceived direction of the ship, the effect being ~10° for a regular pattern of circles. We also found a second, larger effect, 'hysteresis', that biased perceived target directions to parallel the horizon for directions of travel within approximately ±30° of 90° (left-right).

Validity and reliability of velocity and power measures provided by the Vitruve linear position transducer.

This study aimed to determine the validity and between-day reliability of the mean velocity (MV), peak velocity (PV), mean power (MP), and peak power (PP) provided by the Vitruve linear position transducer at different submaximal loads in the free-weight and Smith machine back squat using GymAware as a reference point. Fourteen male sports science students (free-weight back squat one-repetition maximum [1RM]: 132.5 ± 28.

Cultural adaptation and transitions within international higher education: University students' experiences of studying abroad during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic.

This qualitative study explored students' lived experiences of higher education study abroad programs during the Covid-19 pandemic. Studying individual experiences in extraordinary circumstances like a pandemic can reveal personal, organisational and process-related resilience relevant to understanding and planning future events. Online semi-structured interviews with thirteen international students from four continents (North America, South America, Europe and Asia) were conducted amidst the pandemic in the Spring of 2021.

Active CNS delivery of oxycodone in healthy and endotoxemic pigs.

Background: The primary objective of this study was to advance our understanding of active drug uptake at brain barriers in higher species than rodents, by examining oxycodone brain concentrations in pigs.

Methods: This was investigated by a microdialysis study in healthy and endotoxemic conditions to increase the understanding of inter-species translation of putative proton-coupled organic cation (H/OC) antiporter-mediated central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery in health and pathology, and facilitate the extrapolation to humans for improved CNS drug treatment in patients. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the efficacy of lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exposure readout as a proxy for brain unbound interstitial fluid (ISF) concentrations.

Effect of fermentation, malting and ultrasonication on sorghum, mopane worm and : improvement in their nutritional, techno-functional and health promoting properties.

Background: Food processing offers various benefits that contribute to food nutrition, food security and convenience. This study investigated the effect of three different processes (fermentation, malting and ultrasonication) on the nutritional, techno-functional and health-promoting properties of sorghum, mopane worm and

Methods: The fermented and malted flours were prepared at 35°C for 48 h, and for ultrasonication, samples were subjected to 10 min at 4°C with amplitudes of 40-70 Hz. The biochemical, nutritional quality and techno-functional properties of the obtained flours were analysed using standard procedures.

Listen to yourself! Prioritization of self-associated and own voice cues.

Self-cues such as one's own name or face attract attention, reflecting a bias for stimuli connected to self to be prioritized in cognition. Recent evidence suggests that even external voices can elicit this self-prioritization effect; in a voice-label matching task, external voices assigned to the Self-identity label 'you' elicited faster responses than those assigned to 'friend' or 'stranger' (Payne et al., Br.

A content analysis of metrics on online child sexual exploitation and abuse used by online content-sharing services.

Background: A critical step in improving the response to and monitoring of online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) is the need to standardize the data that are collected, stored, and analyzed that effectively measure change in the frequency, nature and risk of OCSEA over time.

Objective: The objective of the content analysis was to investigate the metrics used by online content-sharing platforms in their efforts to combat OCSEA.

Methods: A content analysis was undertaken on 19 online content-sharing services' transparency reports on their metrics related to OCSEA.