Osmotic Energy Directly Driving Flexible All-Solid-State 2D Nanofluidic Pressure Sensors.

Current utilization of osmotic energy often involves multiple complex processes, including collection, storage, and conversion, which limits its applicability in portable electronic devices. Inspired by the biosensing system of human skin, a novel iontronic pressure sensor is developed, directly driven by osmotic energy. By leveraging the tunable nanofluidic effects of 2D materials, ion selective migration driven by osmotic energy is controlled through mechanical modulating of interlayer spacing, thereby converting external pressure into encodable electrical signals. In addition, the geometric configuration is optimized to further enhance the performance of the pressure sensor, achieving an ultrahigh output voltage (up to 13.10 V), fast response/recovery time (115.0/128.0 ms), and a wide pressure detection range (up to 360 kPa). By integrating the deep learning algorithm with the sensor's excellent performance, high-resolution human-machine intelligent interaction is successfully demonstrated with 95.78% recognition accuracy. This work establishes a new paradigm for direct application of osmotic energy in real-world scenarios.