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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global health challenge, necessitating urgent development of novel antimicrobial agents. Pyrrolo[2,3-]pyrimidine derivatives have garnered substantial research interest in pharmaceutical chemistry owing to their structural diversity, synthetic accessibility, and broad-spectrum bioactivity. This comprehensive review presents and discusses recent advancements in pyrrolo[2,3-]pyrimidine research, focusing on methodological innovations in scaffold construction. Key synthetic strategies, including [3 + 2] cycloadditions, transition metal-catalyzed couplings, and microwave-assisted ring closure techniques, are highlighted. Additionally, a thorough discussion of their antimicrobial activities is presented, encompassing antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. This review provides valuable insights into the rational design and synthesis of novel pyrrolo[2,3-]pyrimidine derivatives. These contributions may facilitate the development of new antimicrobial agents to address evolving resistance.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d5ra03313f | DOI Listing |
Environ Monit Assess
September 2025
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India.
Synthetic dyes, such as Congo red (CR), pose serious threats to human health and aquatic ecosystems because of their carcinogenicity and resistance to degradation, necessitating the development of efficient and eco-friendly remediation strategies. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via a green method using Ocimum sanctum (holy basil) leaf extract and applied for CR dye removal from aqueous solutions. The adsorption process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box-Behnken design (BBD), evaluating the influence of key parameters including pH, AgNP dosage, initial dye concentration, contact time, and temperature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNature
September 2025
Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Antigen-induced clustering of cell surface receptors, including T cell receptors and Fc receptors, represents a widespread mechanism in cell signalling activation. However, most naturally occurring antigens, such as tumour-associated antigens, stimulate limited receptor clustering and on-target responses owing to insufficient density. Here we repurpose proximity labelling, a method used to biotinylate and identify spatially proximal proteins, to amplify designed probes as synthetic antigen clusters on the cell surface.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNat Commun
September 2025
Life-Like Materials and Systems, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Nuclear biomolecular condensates are essential sub-compartments within the cell nucleus and play key roles in transcription and RNA processing. Bottom-up construction of nuclear architectures in synthetic settings is non-trivial but vital for understanding the mechanisms of condensates in real cellular systems. Here, we present a facile and versatile synthetic DNA protonucleus (PN) platform that facilitates localized transcription of branched RNA motifs with kissing loops (KLs) for subsequent condensation into complex condensate architectures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Chem Soc
September 2025
Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
Alternating current (AC) electrolysis offers a promising strategy for modulating redox states in metal-catalyzed reactions, yet its mechanistic basis remains poorly understood. Here, we uncover how AC frequency synchronizes with key steps in a Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling cycle to control product selectivity between C-N and C-C coupling. We show that optimal C-N selectivity arises from minimizing the exposure of a key intermediate, Ni(Ar)Br, to reducing conditions that otherwise promote off-cycle Ni species and undesired C-C homocoupling.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiotechnol Adv
September 2025
College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, Ch
Precision fermentation represents an innovative cell-based production approach that employs synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools, revolutionizing global food production by utilizing "microbial cell factories" to produce added-value ingredients. However, its global implementation is hindered by technological and scalability bottlenecks, regulatory fragmentation, regional accessibility and consumer acceptance, and nutritional trade-offs challenges. This review utilizes illustrated case studies and modeling analysis to present a detailed exploration of precision fermentation intersecting with global cell-based food production, discussing actionable research gaps and insights as well as advanced bioengineering practices and analytical techniques, to address these challenges for ongoing academic research, industrial applications and policy initiatives, thus supporting the transition of fermentation-enabled food production toward efficient and sustainable manufacturing.
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