ROS Regulation and Antioxidant Responses in Plants Under Air Pollution: Molecular Signaling, Metabolic Adaptation, and Biotechnological Solutions.

Air pollution acts as a pervasive oxidative stressor, disrupting global crop production and ecosystem health through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hazardous pollutants impair critical physiological processes-photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake-triggering oxidative damage and yield losses. This review synthesizes current knowledge on plant defense mechanisms, emphasizing the integration of enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, APX, GPX, GR) and non-enzymatic (polyphenols, glutathione, ascorbate, phytochelatins) antioxidant systems to scavenge ROS and maintain redox homeostasis. We highlight the pivotal roles of transcription factors (MYB, WRKY, NAC) in orchestrating stress-responsive gene networks, alongside MAPK and phytohormone signaling (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene), in mitigating oxidative stress. Secondary metabolites (flavonoids, lignin, terpenoids) are examined as biochemical shields against ROS and pollutant toxicity, with evidence from transcriptomic and metabolomic studies revealing their biosynthetic regulation. Furthermore, we explore biotechnological strategies to enhance antioxidant capacity, including overexpression of ROS-scavenging genes (e.g., ) and engineering of phenolic pathways. By addressing gaps in understanding combined stress responses, this review provides a roadmap for developing resilient crops through antioxidant-focused interventions, ensuring sustainability in polluted environments.