Acute appendicitis in children: Two microbial states associated with clinical indicators and severity.

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most common abdominal emergencies worldwide. It is associated with dysbiosis and is usually classified clinically as either simple appendicitis (SA) or complicated appendicitis (CA) . The etiology and pathogenesis of AA remain incompletely understood.

Methods: A total of 74 pediatric intra-abdominal pus samples from appendectomy cases (aged 3-15) were collected for AA at Tianjin Children's Hospital (Feb 2022-Sep 2023). The samples were categorised into two groups based on pathological findings: SA (n = 27) and CA (n = 47). Metagenomic profiling was employed to characterized the microbial composition and function in both groups. Additionally, clinical parameters associated with the microbiota were analysed.

Results: The SA group exhibited higher levels of Burkholderia, Mycobacterium, and Klebsiella, while the CA group demonstrated higher levels of Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, and Tannerella. Additionaly, there were significant differences in clinical parameters, including C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), fibrinogen, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, complement C3, and chloride, between two groups. Furthermore, functional profiling revealed alterations in microbial metabolism and antibiotic resistance, highlighting the complex interplay between microbial communities and host inflammatory responses in appendicitis.

Conclusions: This study identifies unique microbial and serum biomarkers and their correlates in varying severities of acute appendicitis, highlighting the role of the microbiome in the aetiology of acute appendicitis.