Detection of Airborne Spores Using Lightweight Portable Air Samplers Affixed to Uncrewed Aircraft Systems in California's Central Valley.

Coccidioidomycosis is an emerging fungal infection caused by inhalation of spp. spores. While airborne dispersal is critical to transmission, limited recovery of the pathogen from air has hindered understanding of the aerosolization and transport of spores. Here, we examine uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) with portable, active air samplers as a novel means of capturing aerosolized and characterizing emissions and exposure risk. We sampled in September 2023 in eastern San Luis Obispo County, California, in an area with confirmed in soils. We completed 41 20 min flights across 14 sites using UAS equipped with an 8 L/min bioaerosol sampler and a low-cost particulate matter sensor. We sampled source soils and air under ambient conditions using one UAS at 1-10 m above ground level, and under a simulated high-dust event using two UAS, one at <2 m height and one at 5-12 m. We detected DNA in 2 of 41 air samples (4.9%), both under ambient conditions at 8 m above ground level, representing the highest known height of airborne detection. Spatially explicit UAS-based sampling could enhance understanding of aerobiology and enable detection in hard-to-reach or hazardous air masses, including dust storms and wildfire smoke.