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This systematic literature review explores the intersection of neuroscience and deep learning in the context of decoding motor imagery Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to enhance the quality of life for individuals with motor disabilities. Currently, the most used non-invasive method for measuring brain activity is the EEG, due to its high temporal resolution, user-friendliness, and safety. A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) framework can be made using these signals which can provide a new communication channel to people that are suffering from motor disabilities or other neurological disorders. However, implementing EEG-based BCI systems in real-world scenarios for motor imagery recognition presents challenges, primarily due to the inherent variability among individuals and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of EEG signals. To assist researchers in navigating this complex problem, a comprehensive review article is presented, summarizing the key findings from relevant studies since 2017. This review primarily focuses on the datasets, preprocessing methods, feature extraction techniques, and deep learning models employed by various researchers. This review aims to contribute valuable insights and serve as a resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts interested in the combination of neuroscience and deep learning, ultimately hoping to contribute to advancements that bridge the gap between the human mind and machine interfaces.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.109534 | DOI Listing |
Brain Stimul
September 2025
Department of Philosophy, University of Milan, Milan, via Festa Del Perdono, 7, 20122, Italy; Cognition in Action (CIA) Unit, PHILAB, University of Milan, Via Santa Sofia, 9, 20122, Italy. Electronic address:
Background: To investigate covert motor processes, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies often use motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as a proxy for inferring the state of motor representations. Typically, these studies test motor representations of actions that can be produced by the isolated contraction of one muscle, limiting both the number of recorded muscles and the complexity of tested actions. Furthermore, univariate analyses treat MEPs from different muscles as independent, overlooking potentially meaningful intermuscular relationships encoded in MEPs amplitude patterns at the single-trial level.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIEEE J Biomed Health Inform
September 2025
The multi-user motor imagery brain-computer interface (BCI) is a new approach that uses information from multiple users to improve decision-making and social interaction. Although researchers have shown interest in this field, the current decoding methods are limited to basic approaches like linear averaging or feature integration. They ignored accurately assessing the coupling relationship features, which results in incomplete extraction of multi-source information.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGait Posture
September 2025
UHasselt, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Wetenschapspark 7, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium. Electronic address:
Objective: Although emotions and postural control are strongly intertwined, more research is necessary to understand this intricate relationship. Therefore, we examined the effect of script-driven emotional imagery on postural control in healthy individuals.
Methods: Forty-four healthy participants (50 % female, median age=27) imagined three emotional imagery scripts (hostile, acceptance, relaxation) in upright standing without visual input while center of pressure (CoP) was measured (mean sway, sway velocity, , and standard deviation in antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions, and sway path and area).
Neuroscience
September 2025
College of Electrical and Control Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electrical Equipment Condition Monitoring and Power Supply Security., Xi'an 710054, China.
Motor imagery (MI) based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) decode neural activity to generate command outputs. However, the limited number of distinguishable commands in traditional MI-BCI systems restricts practical applications. To overcome this limitation, we propose a multi-character classification framework based on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeural Regen Res
September 2025
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interfaces have revolutionized the integration of neural signals with technological systems, offering transformative solutions across neuroscience, biomedical engineering, and clinical practice. This review systematically analyzes advancements in electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface architectures, emphasizing four pillars, namely signal acquisition, paradigm design, decoding algorithms, and diverse applications. The aim is to bridge the gap between technology and application and guide future research.
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