Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Thiazoles Using a Sustainable Carbonaceous Catalyst and Assessment of Its Herbicidal and Antibacterial Potential.

Herein, a novel, biocatalyzed, and on-water microwave-assisted multicomponent methodology have been developed for the synthesis of trisubstituted thiazoles (-). The reaction was catalyzed using a sulfonated peanut shell residue-derived carbonaceous catalyst (). The developed catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a particle size analyzer (PSA). The acidic sites have been established using acid-base back-titration methods. The molecular structures of all the synthesized compounds were validated using FT-IR, H NMR, C NMR, elemental, and HRMS analyses. Herbicidal potential was evaluated by using L. as a model. Furthermore, the antibacterial potential of thiazoles was evaluated against , , , , , and bacterial strains. The compound displayed improved seed growth inhibition in L. versus a commercially available herbicide, pendimethalin. The antibacterial activity was promising against bacterial strains (MIC: 4-64 μg/mL). The compound was the most potent against and (MIC: 0.0076 μM) versus standard drug streptomycin (MIC: 0.0138 μM). Moreover, studies performed with the most effective compound against revealed its potential binding mode within the protein binding pocket. The biological data revealed compound as a potential candidate for the development of potent herbicidal and antibacterial agents. In a nutshell, this study offers peanut shell biowaste to be a sustainable biomass for heterogeneous acid catalyst preparation and its application in the multicomponent synthesis of bioactive thiazoles, accommodating the concept of sustainable development goals and circular bioeconomy.