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The development of stable water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsions for edible preservation coatings and films, utilizing their properties, deserves scientific attention. In this study, oregano essential oil and D‑sodium erythorbate were simultaneously loaded into W/O/W emulsions, and the homogenization conditions of the W/O/W emulsions were optimized. The structure and interactions of gum Arabic (GA) and whey protein isolate (WPI) as the outer phase were analyzed. Stable W/O/W emulsions with excellent antimicrobial and antioxidant activities could be produced under the conditions of GA: WPI at 1:1 and W: W/O at 5:5. The diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging rates were 86.35 % and 89.35 %, and the inhibition zone diameters for S. aureus and E. coli were 14.03 ± 0.42 mm and 14.17 ± 0.70 mm, respectively. Finally, the W/O/W emulsions were successfully applied to prepare chitosan-based films. This study has the potential to promote the application of W/O/W emulsions in food preservation, emphasizing the need for advancements for real-world adaptability.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137657 | DOI Listing |
Mater Today Bio
October 2025
Department of Trauma and Microreconstructive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
Large bone defects present significant clinical challenges, with distraction osteogenesis (DO) requiring prolonged treatment periods and yielding suboptimal outcomes. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) demonstrates potent bone-forming activity but suffers from rapid degradation and a short half-life, limiting its therapeutic applications. This study engineered sustained-release CGRP microspheres using poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)/nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide (PLGA/nHA/GO) composite matrices via W/O/W double emulsion-solvent evaporation method to address these limitations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMolecules
July 2025
Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
The production of water-in-water emulsion droplets, the coalescence of which is prevented by adding oil-in-water micrometric droplets, is reported. Hexadecane (O) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were added to a W/W emulsion made of dextran (Dex)-enriched droplets in a Polyethyleglycol (PEG)-enriched continuous phase, and the mixture was further sonicated. Using Nile red to label the oil droplets enabled the observation of their presence at the surface of Dex droplets (5 µm), allowing for stabilizing them, preventing coalescence of the W/W emulsion, and mimicking W/O/W double emulsions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAAPS PharmSciTech
July 2025
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
The Food and Drug Administration of the United States (USFDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have approved peptide-based long-acting formulations to manage chronic diseases. However, the formulation of long-acting injectables for hydrophilic drug molecules and peptides remains a persistent challenge due to poor encapsulation and high initial burst release, which increases the complexity of the formulation. In the present research, we formulated long-acting injectable microspheres for liraglutide, a peptide used for managing type 2 DM (Diabetes Mellitus), utilizing a modified solid-oil-water (S/O/W) method.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGels
June 2025
Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China.
The aim of this study was to develop double emulsions-filled chitosan hydrogel beads for topical application and to elucidate their skin penetration behavior. Double emulsions were prepared by a two-step emulsification method, and double emulsions-filled chitosan hydrogel beads were prepared by the extrusion method. The structure, stability, and skin penetration behavior were investigated.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAdv Colloid Interface Sci
October 2025
Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China. Electronic address:
As the demand for functional foods and precision nutrition continues to rise, there is an urgent need for advanced delivery systems that improve the stability, bioavailability, and targeted release of sensitive bioactive compounds. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), commonly found in fermented foods, have taken on a dual role-as both passive encapsulation targets and active delivery carriers-forming a conceptual basis for the development of next-generation food delivery systems. This review examines the interactions between LAB and various food-grade encapsulation materials including proteins (such as whey protein, casein, zein), polysaccharides (like alginate, chitosan), and lipids (such as liposomes, W/O/W emulsions), highlighting roles of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, covalent cross-linking, and interfacial self-assembly.
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