Outcome of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Patients with Cirrhosis and Refractory Hepatic Hydrothorax: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

 Around 5% of patients with cirrhosis of the liver develop hepatic hydrothorax (HH). For patients with refractory HH (RHH), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has been investigated in small studies. Hence, the present meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current data on the outcome of TIPS in patients with RHH.  From inception through June 2023, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies analyzing the outcome of TIPS in RHH. Clinical response, adverse events (AEs), mortality, and shunt dysfunction were the primary outcomes assessed. The event rates with their 95% confidence interval were calculated using a random-effects model.  A total of 12 studies (  = 466) were included in the final analysis. The pooled complete and partial response rates were 47.2% (35.8-58.5%) and 25.5% (16.7-34.3%), respectively. The pooled incidences of serious AEs and post-TIPS liver failure after TIPS in RHH were 5.6% (2.1-9.0%) and 7.6% (3.1-12.1%), respectively. The pooled incidences of overall hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and severe HE nonresponsive to standard treatment after TIPS in RHH were 33.2% (20.0-46.4%) and 3.6% (0.4-6.8%), respectively. The pooled 1-month and 1-year mortality rates were 14.0% (8.3-19.6%) and 42.0% (33.5-50.4%), respectively. The pooled incidence of shunt dysfunction after TIPS in RHH was 24.2% (16.3-32.2%).  RHH has a modest response to TIPS in patients with cirrhosis, with only half having a complete response. Further studies are required to ascertain whether early TIPS can improve the outcome of patients with cirrhosis and HH.