Dynamic N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation landscapes reveal epi-transcriptomic modulation induced by ammonia nitrogen exposure in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Despite the versatility of RNA mA methylation in regulating various biological processes, its involvement in the physiological response to ammonia nitrogen toxicity in decapod crustaceans like shrimp remains enigmatic. Here, we provided the first characterization of dynamic RNA mA methylation landscapes induced by toxic ammonia exposure in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The global mA methylation level showed significant decrease following ammonia exposure, and most of the mA methyltransferases and mA binding proteins were significantly repressed. Distinct from many well-studied model organisms, mA methylated peaks in the transcriptome of L. vannamei were enriched not only near the termination codon and in the 3' untranslated region (UTR), but also around the start codon and in the 5' UTR. Upon ammonia exposure, 11,430 mA peaks corresponding to 6113 genes were hypo-methylated, and 5660 mA peaks from 3912 genes were hyper-methylated. The differentially methylated genes showing significant changes in expression were over-represented by genes associated with metabolism, cellular immune defense and apoptotic signaling pathways. Notably, the mA-modified ammonia-responsive genes encompassed a subset of genes related to glutamine synthesis, purine conversion and urea production, implying that mA methylation may modulate shrimp ammonia stress responses partly through these ammonia metabolic processes.