A combined strategy to mitigate the accumulation of arsenic and cadmium in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Arsenic and cadmium in rice grain are of growing concern in the global food supply chain. Paradoxically, the two elements have contrasting behaviors in soils, making it difficult to develop a strategy that can concurrently reduce their uptake and accumulation by rice plant. This study examined the combined impacts of watering (irrigation) schemes, different fertilizers and microbial populations on the bioaccumulation of arsenic and cadmium by rice as well as on rice grain yield. Compared to drain-flood and flood-drain treatments, continuously flooded condition significantly reduced the accumulation of cadmium in rice plant but the level of arsenic in rice grain remained above 0.2 mg/kg, which exceeded the China national food safety standard. Application of different fertilizers under continuously flooded condition showed that compared to inorganic fertilizer and biochar, manure addition effectively reduced the accumulation of arsenic over three to four times in rice grain and both elements were below the food safety standard (0.2 mg/kg) while significantly increasing the rice yield. Soil Eh was the critical factor in the bioavailability of cadmium, while the behavior of arsenic in rhizosphere was associated with the iron cycle. The results of the multi-parametric experiments can be used as a roadmap for low-cost and in-situ approach for producing safe rice without compromising the yield.